APPLICATOR鈥橲 MANUAL
For
Tablets and Pellets
THIS PRODUCT MUST BE ACCOMPANIED BY AN APPROVED LABEL AND APPLICATOR鈥橲
MANUAL. READ AND UNDERSTAND THE ENTIRE LABELING AND APPLICATOR鈥橲 MANUAL.
ALL PARTS OF THE LABELING AND APPLICATOR鈥橲 MANUAL ARE EQUALLY IMPORTANT FOR
SAFE AND EFFECTIVE USE OF THESE PRODUCTS. CONSULT WITH YOUR STATE LEAD PES-
TICIDE REGULATORY AGENCY TO DETERMINE REGULATORY STATUS, REQUIREMENTS, AND
RESTRICTIONS FOR FUMIGATION USE IN THAT STATE. CALL 252-237-7923/1-800-548-2778 IF
YOU HAVE ANY QUESTIONS OR DO NOT UNDERSTAND ANY PART OF THIS LABELING.
RESTRICTED USE PESTICIDE
DUE TO HIGH ACUTE INHALATION TOXICITY OF PHOSPHINE GAS
For retail sale to Dealers and Certified Applicators only.
For use by Certified Applicators or persons under their direct supervision, and only for those
uses covered by the Certified Applicator鈥檚 certification. Refer to the directions in this applicator
manual for requirements of the physical presence of a Certified Applicator.
FOR USE AGAINST INSECTS WHICH INFEST STORED
COMMODITIES AND CONTROL OF BURROWING PESTS
Active Ingredient: Aluminum Phosphide.................................................................................... 55.0%
Inert Ingredients: .......................................................................................................................... 45.0%
Total 100.0%
KEEP OUT OF REACH OF CHILDREN
DANGER - POISON - PELIGRO
PRECAUCION AL USUARIO: Si usted no les ingles, no use este productor hasta que la etiqueta se le
haya sido explicado ampliamente.
(TO THE USER: If you cannot read English, do not use this product until the label has been fully explained to you.)
Manufactured for:
PESTCON
SYSTEMS, INC.
1808 Firestone Parkway
Wilson, NC 27893 USA
Telephone: 252-237-7923/1-800-548-2778
Fax: 252-237-3259
Internet: www.pestcon.com
Email: info@pestcon.com
EPA Est. Number: 005857-NC-001
EPA Reg. No: 72959-1-5857 Fumitoxin Tablets
72959-2-5857 Fumitoxin Pellets
Warranty
Seller warrants that the product conforms to its chemical description and when used according
to label directions under normal conditions of use, it is reasonably fit for the purposes stated on
the label. Seller makes no other warranty, either expressed or implied, and buyer assumes all
risks should the product be used contrary to label instructions.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
SECTION DESCRIPTION PAGE NUMBER
Front Cover RESTRICTED USE STATEMENT
Inside Front Cover Warranty
1 FIRST AID 1
1 Hot Line Number 1
2 NOTE TO PHYSICIAN 1-2
3 INTRODUCTION 2-3
4 PRECAUTIONARY STATEMENTS 3-4
4.1 Hazards to Humans & Domestic Animals 3
4.2 Physical and Chemical Hazards 3-4
DIRECTIONS FOR USE 4
5 PESTS CONTROLLED 4-5
6 COMMODITIES, WHICH MAY BE FUMIGATED 5-6
6.1 Raw Agricultural Commodities, Animal Feed 5
6.2 Process Foods 5-6
6.3 Nonfood Commodities 6
7 EXPOSURE CONDITIONS 6-7
8 DOSAGE RATE GUIDELINES 7-8
8.1 Maximum Allowable Dosage Guidelines 7
8.2 Recommended Dosages for Various Types of Fumigation 7-8
9 PROTECTIVE CLOTHING 9
10 RESPIRATORY PROTECTION 9
10.1 When respiratory protection must be worn 9
10.2 Permissible gas concentration ranges 9
10.3 Requirements for availability of respiratory protection 9
11 REQUIREMENTS FOR CERTIFIED APPLICATOR 9
12 TRAINING REQUIREMENTS FOR RECEIPT
OF IN-TRANSIT VEHICLES 10
13 GAS DETECTION EQUIPMENT 10
14 NOTIFICATION REQUIREMENTS 10
14.1 Authorities and on-site workers 10
14.2 Incident Reporting 10
14.3 Theft of products 10
15 APPLICATOR AND WORKER EXPOSURE 10-11
15.1 Exposure Limits 10
15.2 Application of Fumigant 11
15.3 Leakage from Fumigated Sites 11
15.4 Aeration and Re-entry 11
15.5 Handling Unaerated Commodities 11
15.6 Industrial Hygiene Monitoring 11
15.7 Engineering controls and work practices 11
16 PLACARDING OF FUMIGATED AREAS 11-12
17 SEALING OF STRUCTURE 12
18 AERATION OF FUMIGATED COMMODITIES 12
18.1 Foods and feeds 12
18.2 Non-food commodities 12
18.3 Tobacco 12
19 STORAGE INSTRUCTIONS 13
19.1 Labeling of Storage 13
20 TRANSPORTATION INSTRUCTIONS 13
20.1 Transport Designations 13
20.2 Transportation Exemption 13
SECTION DESCRIPTION PAGE NUMBER
21 FUMIGATION MANAGEMENT PLAN 14
GUIDANCE FOR PREPARATION OF A FUMIGATION PLAN 14-15-16-17
Purpose 14
A checklist guide for a fumigation plan 15
A. Preliminary Planning and Preparation 15-16
B. Personnel 16
C. Monitoring 16
D. Notification 16
E. Sealing Procedures 17
F. Application Procedures & Fumigation Period 17
G. Post-Application Operations 17
22 APPLICATION PROCEDURES 18
22.1 Farm Bins 18
22.2 Flat Storage 19
22.3 Vertical Storage 19-20
22.4 Mills, food processing plants and warehouses 20
22.5 Railcars, containers, trucks, vans, and other vehicles 20-21
22.6 Tarpaulin and bunker fumigations 21-22
22.7 In-Transit Ship Hold Fumigation 22
22.7.1 General Information 22-23
22.7.2 Pre-Voyage Fumigation Procedures 22
22.7.3 Application Procedures for Bulk Dry Cargo Vessels 23
22.7.4 In-transit Fumigation of Transport Units Aboard Ship 23
22.7.5 Precautions and Procedures During Voyage 23
22.7.6 Precautions and Procedures During Discharge 23
23 BARGES 23
24 SMALL SEALABLE ENCLOSURES 23
25 BEEHIVES, SUPERS AND OTHER BEE KEEPING EQUIPMENT 24
26 BURROWING PEST CONTROL 24-25-26
26.1 Use Restrictions 24
26.2 Application Directions 24
26.2.1 For species with open burrow systems 24
26.2.2 For species with closed burrow systems 24-25
26.3 Environmental Hazards 25
26.4 Endangered Species Restrictions 25-26
26.4.1 Special Local Restrictions 26
27 FUMI-SLEEVE庐 DUST RETAINER METHOD 26-27
28 DISPOSAL INSTRUCTIONS 27-28
28.1 General 27
28.2 Directions for Deactivation 27-28
28.3 Directions for Disposal of Residual Dust 28
29 SPILL AND LEAK PROCEDURES 28-29
29.1 General Precautions and directions 28-29
29.2 Directions for deactivation by wet method 29
FOR ASSISTANCE CONTACT NUMBERS 29
UL Classification Statement 29
1. FIRST AID
Symptoms of exposure to this product are headaches, dizziness, nausea, difficult breathing, vomiting and diarrhea.
In all cases of overexposure get medical attention immediately. Take victim to a doctor or emergency treatment
facility.
If inhaled:
k Move person to fresh air.
k If person is not breathing, call 911 or an ambulance, then give artificial respiration, preferably by mouth-to-
mouth if possible.
k Keep warm and make sure person can breathe freely.
k Call a poison control center or doctor for further treatment advice.
If swallowed:
k Call a poison control center or doctor immediately for treatment advice.
k Have person drink one or two glasses of water and induce vomiting by touching back of throat with finger, or
if available administer syrup of ipecac.
k Do not give anything by mouth to an unconscious person.
If on skin or clothing:
k Brush or shake material off clothes and shoes in a well-ventilated area. Allow clothes to aerate in a ventilated
area prior to laundering.
k Do not leave contaminated clothing in occupied and / or confined areas such as automobiles , vans , motel
rooms, etc.
k Wash contaminated skin thoroughly with soap and water.
If in eyes:
k Hold eye open and rinse slowly and gently with water for 15-20 minutes.
k Remove contact lenses, if present, after the first 5 minutes, then continue rinsing eye.
k Call a poison control center or doctor for further treatment advice.
HOT LINE NUMBER
Have the product container or label or applicator鈥檚 manual with you when calling a poison control
center or doctor, or going for treatment. You may also contact PESTCON SYSTEMS, INC.
(252) 237-7923 / 1-800-548-2778 or CHEMTREC - 1-800-424-9300 for emergency medical treatment.
2. NOTE TO PHYSICIAN
PESTCON aluminum phosphide fumigants react with moisture from the air, water, acids and many other liquids to
release phosphine gas. Mild inhalation exposure causes malaise (indefinite feeling of sickness), ringing of ears,
fatigue, nausea, and pressure in the chest, which is relieved by removal to fresh air. Moderate poisoning causes
weakness, vomiting, pain just above the stomach, chest pain, diarrhea and dyspnea (difficulty in breathing).
Symptoms of severe poisoning may occur within a few hours to several days, resulting in pulmonary edema (fluid
in lungs) and may lead to dizziness, cyanosis (blue or purple skin color), unconsciousness, and death.
In sufficient quantity, phosphine affects the liver, kidneys, lungs, nervous system and circulatory system. Inhalation
can cause lung edema (fluid in lungs) and hyperemia (excess of blood in a body part), small perivascular brain
hemorrhages and brain edema (fluid in brain). Ingestion can cause lung and brain symptoms but damage to the
viscera (body cavity organs) is more common. Phosphine poisoning may result in (1) pulmonary edema, (2) liver
elevated serum GOT, LDH and alkaline phosphatase, reduced prothrombin, hemorrhage and jaundice (yellow skin
color) and (3) kidney hematuria (blood in urine) and anuria (abnormal or lack of urination). Pathology is charac-
teristic of hypoxia (oxygen deficiency in body tissue). Frequent exposure to concentrations above permissible lev-
els over a period of days or weeks may cause poisoning. Treatment is symptomatic.
The following measures are suggested for use by the physician in accordance with his own judgment:
1
In its milder forms, symptoms of poisoning may take some time (up to 24 hours) to make their appearance, and
the following is suggested:
1. Give complete rest for 1-2 days, during which the patient must be kept quiet and warm.
2. Should patient suffer from vomiting or increased blood sugar , appropriate solutions should be adminis-
tered. Treatment with oxygen breathing equipment is recommended as is the administration of cardiac and
circulatory stimulants.
In cases of severe poisoning (Intensive Care Unit recommended):
1. Where pulmonary edema is observed , steroid therapy should be considered and close medical supervi-
sion is recommended. Blood transfusions may be necessary.
2. In cases of manifest pulmonary edema , venesection should be performed under vein pressure control.
Heart glycosides (I.V.) (in case of hemoconcentration, venesection may result in shock). Upon progressive
edema of the lungs; immediate intubations with a constant removal of edema fluid and oxygen over-pres-
sure respiration, as well as measures required for shock treatment are recommended. In case of kidney
failure, extracorporeal hemodialysis is necessary. There is no specific antidote known for this poisoning.
3. Mention should be made here of suicidal attempts by taking solid phosphide by mouth. After swallowing;
emptying of the stomach by vomiting, flushing of the stomach with diluted potassium permanganate solu-
tion or a solution of magnesium peroxide until flushing liquid ceases to smell of carbide, is recommended.
Thereafter, apply medicinal charcoal.
3. INTRODUCTION
FUMITOXIN庐 tablets and pellets are used to protect stored commodities from damage by insects and other verte-
brate pests. Fumigation of stored products with FUMITOXIN in the manner prescribed in the labeling does not con-
taminate the marketed commodity.
FUMITOXIN metal phosphide fumigants are acted upon by atmospheric moisture to produce phosphine gas.
FUMITOXIN tablets and pellets contain aluminum phosphide (AlP) as their active ingredient and will liberate phos-
phine via the following chemical reaction:
AlP + 3H 2 O ---> Al (OH) 3 + PH 3
Phosphine gas is highly toxic to insects, burrowing pests, humans, and other forms of animal life. In addition to its
toxic properties, the gas will corrode certain metals and may ignite spontaneously in air at concentrations above
its lower flammable limit of 1.8% (v/v). These hazards will be described in greater detail later on in this Applicator鈥檚
Manual.
FUMITOXIN also contains ammonium carbamate, which liberates ammonia and carbon dioxide as follows:
NH 2 COONH 4 ---> 2NH 3 + CO 2
These gases are essentially nonflammable and act as inerting agents to reduce fire hazards.
FUMITOXIN is prepared in two spherical shapes. The rounded tablets weigh approximately 3 grams and will
release 1 gram of phosphine gas. They are about 16mm in diameter. The pellets are about 10mm in diameter,
weigh approximately 0.6 gram and release 0.2 gram of phosphine gas.
PESTCON FUMITOXIN Tablets are provided in 21kg cases, contain 14 resealable, gas-tight flasks of 500 tablets
each or, 70 flasks of 100 tablets each.
PESTCON FUMITOXIN Pellets are provided in 21kg cases containing 21 resealable, gas-tight flasks of 1660 pel-
lets each or, 14 flasks of 2490 pellets each.
2
Upon exposure to air, FUMITOXIN tablets and pellets begin to react with atmospheric moisture to produce small
quantities of phosphine gas. These reactions start slowly, gradually accelerates and then tapers off again as the
aluminum phosphide is spent. FUMITOXIN pellets react somewhat faster than do the tablets. The rates of decom-
position of the tablets and pellets will vary depending upon moisture and temperature conditions. For example,
when moisture and temperature of the fumigated commodity are high, decomposition of FUMITOXIN may be com-
plete in less than 3 days. However, at lower ambient temperatures and humidity levels, decomposition of FUMI-
TOXIN may require 5 days or more. After decomposition, FUMITOXIN leaves a grey-white powder composed
almost entirely of aluminum hydroxide and other approved inert ingredients. This will cause no problems if the fumi-
gant has been added directly to a commodity such as grain. However, the spent powder must usually be retrieved
for disposal after space fumigations. If properly exposed, the spent FUMITOXIN will normally contain only a small
amount of unreacted aluminum phosphide and may be disposed of without hazard. While spent FUMITOXIN is not
considered a hazardous waste, partially spent residual dusts from incompletely exposed FUMITOXIN will require
special care. Precautions and instructions for further deactivation and disposal will be given under Section 28 of
this Manual.
FUMITOXIN tablets and pellets are supplied in gas-tight containers and their shelf life is unlimited as long as the
packaging remains intact. Once opened for fumigation, the aluminum flasks of tablets or pellets may be tightly
resealed and stored for future use. Storage and handling instructions will be given in detail under section 19.
4. PRECAUTIONARY STATEMENTS
4.1 Hazards to Humans and Domestic Animals
DANGER: Aluminum phosphide from FUMITOXIN tablets, pellets or dust may be fatal if swallowed. Do not get in
eyes, on skin or on clothing. Do not eat, drink or smoke while handling aluminum phosphide fumigants. If a sealed
container is opened, or if the material comes into contact with moisture, water or acids, these products will release
phosphine, which is an extremely toxic gas. If a garlic odor is detected, refer to the Industrial Hygiene Monitoring
instructions found in section 15.6 of this manual for appropriate monitoring procedures. Pure phosphine gas is
odorless; the garlic odor is due to a contaminant. Since the odor of phosphine may not be detected under some
circumstances, the absence of a garlic odor does not mean that dangerous levels of phosphine gas are not pre-
sent. Observe proper re-entry procedures specified under section 15.4 in this labeling to prevent overexposure.
4.2 Physical and Chemical Hazards
Aluminum phosphide in tablets, pellets and partially spent dust will release phosphine if exposed to moisture from
the air or if it comes into contact with water, acids and many other liquids. Since phosphine may ignite sponta-
neously at levels above its lower flammable limit of 1.8% v/v, it is important not to exceed this concentration.
Ignition of high concentrations of phosphine can produce a very energetic reaction. Explosion can occur under
these conditions and may cause severe personal injury. Never allow the buildup of phosphine to exceed explo-
sive concentrations. Do not confine spent or partially spent aluminum phosphide fumigants as the slow release
of phosphine from this material may result in formation of an explosive atmosphere. Aluminum phosphide tablets
and pellets, outside their containers, should not be stacked or piled up or contacted with liquid or water. This may
cause a temperature increase, accelerate the rate of gas production and confine the gas so that ignition could
occur.
It is preferable to open containers of aluminum phosphide products in open air as under certain conditions, they
may flash upon opening . Containers may also be opened near a fan or other appropriate ventilation that will rapid-
ly exhaust contaminated air. When opening, invert the container several times then point the container away from
the face and body and slowly loosen the cap. Although the chances for a flash are very remote, never open these
containers in a flammable atmosphere. These precautions will also reduce the fumigator鈥檚 exposure to phosphine
gas. Containers may be opened inside the structure to be fumigated provided worker鈥檚 exposure to phosphine gas
does not exceed allowable limits.
Pure phosphine gas is practically insoluble in water, fats and oils, and is stable at normal fumigation temperatures.
However, it may react with certain metals and cause corrosion, especially at higher temperatures and relative
humidities. Metals such as copper, brass and other copper alloys, and precious metals such as gold and silver are
susceptible to corrosion by phosphine. Thus, small electric motors, smoke detectors, brass sprinkler heads, bat-
teries and battery chargers, fork lifts, temperature monitoring systems, switching gears, communication devices,
computers, calculators and other electrical equipment should be protected or removed before fumigation.
3
Phosphine gas will also react with certain metallic salts and, therefore, sensitive items such as photographic film,
some inorganic pigments, etc., should not be exposed. Immediately after addition of phosphine to the structure,
turn off any lights and unessential electrical equipment.
FUMITOXIN Tablets and pellets are Restricted Use Pesticides due to the high acute inhalation toxicity of phos-
phine gas. Read and follow the label and the Applicator鈥檚 Manual. The manual contains complete instructions for
the safe use of the pesticide. Additional copies of this Manual are available from:
PESTCON SYSTEMS, INC.
1808 FIRESTONE PARKWAY
Wilson, NC 27893
Telephone: 252-237-7923/1-800-548-2778
Fax: 252-237-3259
INTERNET: www.pestcon.com
DIRECTIONS FOR USE
It is a violation of federal law to use this product in a manner inconsistent with its labeling.
5. PESTS CONTROLLED
FUMITOXIN has been found effective against vertebrate and the following insects and their preadult stages - that
is, eggs, larvae and pupae:
almond moth European grain moth Mediterranean flour moth
Angoumois grain moth flat grain beetle pink bollworm
bean weevil fruit flies raisin moth
bees granary weevil red flour beetle
cadelle greater wax moth rice weevil
cereal leaf beetle hairy fungus beetle rusty grain beetle
cigarette beetle Hessian fly saw-toothed grain beetle
confused flour beetle Indian meal moth spider beetles
dermestid beetles Khapra beetle tobacco moth
dried fruit beetle lesser grain borer yellow mealworm
dried fruit moth maize weevil Africanized bees &
pea weevil honeybees infested
with tracheal mites
Woodchucks
Yellowbelly marmots (rockchucks)
Prairie dogs (except Utah prairie dogs, Cynomys Parvidens)
Norway rats
Roof rats
Mice
Ground squirrels
Moles
Voles
Pocket gophers
Chipmunks
4
Although it is possible to achieve total control of the listed burrowing and insect pests, this is frequently not real-
ized in actual practice. Factors contributing to less than 100% control are leaks, poor gas distribution, unfavorable
exposure conditions,etc. In addition, some insects are less susceptible to phosphine than others. If maximum con-
trol is to be attained, extreme care must be taken in sealing, higher dosages must be used, exposure periods
lengthened, proper application procedures followed, and temperature and humidity conditions must be favorable.
6. COMMODITIES, WHICH MAY BE FUMIGATED WITH FUMITOXIN
FUMITOXIN may be used for the fumigation of listed raw agricultural commodities, animal feed and feed ingredi-
ents, processed foods, tobacco and certain other nonfood items when their commodity temperature is above
40潞F (5潞C).
6.1 Raw Agricultural Commodities, Animal Feed and Feed Ingredients
FUMITOXIN tablets and pellets may be added directly to animal feed, feed ingredients and raw agricultural com-
modities stored in bulk. For these commodities not stored in bulk, FUMITOXIN may be placed in moisture perme-
able envelopes, on trays, etc., and fumigated as with processed foods.
Raw Agricultural Commodities and Animal Feed and Feed Ingredients Which May Be Fumigated with FUMI-
TOXIN
almonds flower seed sesame seed
animal feed & feed ingredients grass seed seed & pod vegetables
barley millet sorghum
Brazil nuts oats soybeans
cashews peanuts sunflower seeds
cocoa beans pecans triticale
coffee beans pistachio nuts vegetable seed
corn popcorn walnuts
cottonseed rice wheat
dates rye
filberts safflower seed
6.2 Processed Foods
Processed foods may be fumigated with FUMITOXIN. Under no condition shall any processed food or bagged
commodity come in contact with FUMITOXIN tablets, pellets or residual dust except that FUMITOXIN may be
added directly to processed brewer鈥檚 rice, malt, and corn grits for use in the manufacture of beer.
Processed Foods Which May Be Fumigated With PESTCON FUMITOXIN
Processed candy and sugar
cereal flours and bakery mixes
cereal foods (including cookies, crackers, macaroni, noodles, pasta, pretzels, snack foods, and spaghetti)
processed cereals (including milled fractions and packaged cereals)
processed oats (including oatmeal)
cheese and cheese byproducts
chocolate and chocolate products (such as assorted chocolate, chocolate liquor, cocoa, cocoa powder, dark
chocolate coating and milk chocolate products)
processed coffee
corn grits
cured, dried and processed meat products and dried fish
dates and figs
dried eggs and egg yolk solids
dried milk, dried powdered milk, nondairy creamers and nonfat dried milk
dried or dehydrated fruits (such as apples, dates, figs, peaches, pears, prunes, raisins, citrus and sultanas)
processed herbs, spices, seasonings and condiments
malt
processed nuts (such as almonds, apricot kernels, brazil nuts, cashews, filberts, macadamia nuts, peanuts,
pecans, pistachio nuts, walnuts and other processed nuts)
soybean flour and milled fractions
5
processed tea
dried and dehydrated vegetables (such as beans, carrots, lentils, peas, potato flour, potato products and spinach)
yeast (including primary yeast)
rice (brewer鈥檚 rice grits, enriched and polished)
wild rice
other processed foods
6.3 Non-food Commodities, Including Tobacco
The listed non-food items that may be fumigated with FUMITOXIN tablets, pellets or residual dust should not con-
tact tobacco and certain other of the non-food commodities.
Non-food Commodities, Which May Be Fumigated With FUMITOXIN
processed or unprocessed cotton, wool and other natural fibers or cloth
clothing
straw and hay
feathers
human hair, rubberized hair, vulcanized hair, mohair
leather products, animal hides and furs
tobacco
tires (for mosquito control)
wood, cut trees, wood chips, wood and bamboo products
paper and paper products
dried plants and flowers
seeds (such as grass seed, ornamental herbaceous plant seed and vegetable seed)
other nonfood commodities
7. EXPOSURE CONDITIONS
The following table may be used as a guide in determining the minimum length of the exposure period at the
indicated temperatures:
Minimum Exposure Periods for FUMITOXIN
Temperature Pellets Tablets
40潞F (5潞C) Do not fumigate Do not fumigate
41潞-53潞F (5-12潞C) 8 days (192 hours) 10 days (240 hours)
54潞-59潞F (12-15潞C) 4 days (96 hours) 5 days (120 hours)
60潞-68潞F (16-20潞C) 3 days (72 hours) 4 days (96 hours)
above 68潞F (20潞C) 2 days (48 hours) 3 days (72 hours)
The fumigation must be long enough so as to provide for adequate control of the insect pests that infest the com-
modity being treated. Additionally, the fumigation period should be long enough to allow for more or less complete
reaction of FUMITOXIN with moisture so that little or no unreacted aluminum phosphide remains. This will mini-
mize worker exposures during further storage and/or processing of the treated bulk commodity as well as reduce
hazards during the disposal of partially spent aluminum phosphide products remaining after space fumigations.
The proper length of the fumigation period will vary with exposure conditions since, in general, insects are more
difficult to control at lower temperatures, and the rate of phosphine gas production by FUMITOXIN is lower at lower
temperatures and humidity.
It should be noted that there is little to be gained by extending the exposure period if the structure to be fumigat-
ed has not been carefully sealed or if the distribution of gas is poor and insects are not subjected to lethal con-
centrations of phosphine. Careful sealing is required to ensure that adequate gas levels are retained and proper
application procedures must be followed to provide satisfactory distribution of phosphine gas. Application of addi-
tional FUMITOXIN is recommended if phosphine concentrations drop below an effective level. If re-entry into the
treated structure is required, follow the requirements for manpower and respiratory protection usage found under
section 10 in this manual. Some structures can only be treated when completely tarped while others cannot be
6
properly sealed by any means and should not be fumigated. Exposure times must be lengthened to allow for pen-
etration of gas throughout the commodity when fumigant is not uniformly added to the commodity mass, for exam-
ple, by surface application or shallow probing. This is particularly important in the fumigation of bulk commodity
contained in large storage areas.
Remember, exposure periods recommended in the table are minimum periods and may not be adequate to con-
trol all stored products pests under all conditions nor will they always provide for total reaction of FUMITOXIN.
It is permissible and often desirable to use a low-flow recirculation system for phosphine gas in certain bulk stor-
ages. This method may be used in ship鈥檚 holds, various types of flat storage and vertical storage bins.
Recirculation usually involves the application of fumigant to the surface of the commodity. The phosphine gas is
then continuously or intermittently drawn out of the over space and blown into the bottom of the storage using
specially designed low volume fans and ductwork. This method facilitates the quick and uniform penetration of
phosphine throughout the commodity. In some instances a reduced dosage may be used. Please contact Pestcon
Systems, Inc. if assistance is required in designing the recirculation system.
8. DOSAGE RATE GUIDELINES
Allowable and Recommended Dosages Rates
Phosphine is a mobile gas and will penetrate to all parts of the storage structure. Therefore, dosage must be based
upon the total volume of the space being treated and not on the amount of commodity it contains. The same
amount of FUMITOXIN is required to treat a 30,000-bushel silo whether it is empty or full of grain unless, of course,
a tarpaulin seals off the surface of the commodity. The following dosage ranges are recommended for bulk (per
1000 bushels) and space (per 1000 cu. ft.) fumigations:
8.1 Maximum Allowable Dosage Guidelines For Fumigation With FUMITOXIN
Product per 1000 cu. ft.* per 1000 bu. *
Pellets 725 900
Tablets 145 180
*NOTE: Maximum Dosage for dates, nuts & dried fruits is 200 pellets, 40 tablets/1000 cu. ft.; 250 pellets, 50
tablets/1000 bu. The above maximum dosages are not to be exceeded. It is important to be aware that a short-
ened exposure period cannot be fully compensated for with an increased dosage of phosphine.
Somewhat higher dosages, not to exceed the maximum dosage, are usually recommended under cooler, drier
conditions or where exposure periods are relatively short. However, the major factor in selection of dosage is the
ability of the structure to hold phosphine gas during the fumigation. A good illustration of this point is comparison
of the low dosages recommended to treat modern, well-sealed warehouses with the higher ranges used for poor-
ly constructed buildings that cannot be sealed adequately. In certain other fumigations, proper distribution of insec-
ticidal concentrations of phosphine gas reaching all parts of the structure becomes a very important factor in dose
selection. An example where this may occur is in the treatment of grain stored in tall silos. Poor gas distribution
frequently results when the fumigant is added on top of the grain. In such cases, use of a low-flow recirculation
system is recommended under these circumstances. Please contact Pestcon Systems, Inc. if assistance is
required in designing the recirculation system.
8.2 Recommended FUMITOXIN Dosages for Various Types of Fumigation
One (1) FUMITOXIN tablet or five (5) FUMITOXIN pellets will produce a concentration of 25 parts per million (ppm)
of phosphine gas (PH3) in a volume of 1000 cubic feet (1 gram PH3/1000 cu. ft. is equivalent to 25 ppm).
Although it is permissible to use the maximum dosage listed above, the following recommended dosage ranges
can be used as a guideline for various types of fumigation.
When a dosage range is recommended, use the higher rate under conditions of severe infestation, lower temper-
ature and other applicable variables.
7
Dosage Range
Type of Fumigation Pellets Tablets
1. Vertical Storages (such as 200-900/1000bu. 40-180/1000 bu.
silos, concrete bins, steel 150-700/1000 cu. ft. 30-140/1000 cu. ft.
bins, etc.)
2. Farm Bins (Butler Type) 450-900/1000 bu. 90-180/1000 bu.
350-725/1000 cu. ft. 70-145/1000 cu. ft.
3. Bulk stored commodities in 450-900/1000 bu. 90-180/1000 bu.
flat storage, bunkers and 350-725/1000 cu. ft. 70-145/1000 cu. ft.
commodities stored on ground
loosely piled under gas tight
covering.
4. Packaged commodities (bagged 150-450/1000 cu. ft. 30-90/1000 cu. ft.
grain, process foods, etc.)
in sealable enclosures.
5. Nuts, dates or dried fruit 100-200/1000 cu. ft. 20-40/1000 cu.ft.
in storage boxes.
6. Nuts, dates, or dried fruit 125-250/1000 bu. 25-50/1000 bu.
in bulk. 100-200/1000 cu. ft. 20-40/1000 cu. ft.
7. Railcars, containers, trucks, 225-500/1000 cu. ft. 45-145/1000 cu. ft.
vans and other transport
vehicles.
8. Space fumigation such as 100-300/1000 cu. ft. 20-60/1000 cu. ft.
cereal mills, feed mills,
food processing plants & warehouses.
9. Stored Tobacco 100-250/1000 cu. ft. 20-50/1000 cu. ft.
10. Non-food products 150-450/1000 cu. ft. 30-90/1000 cu. ft.
11. Stored beehives, supers and 150-225/1000 cu. ft. 30-45/1000 cu. ft.
other beekeeping equipment for
wax moth control and Africanized
honeybees with tracheal mites and
foulbrood.
12. Barges 300-900/1000 bu. 60-180/1000 bu.
250-725/1000 cu. ft. 50-145/1000 cu. ft.
13. Shipholds 200-400/1000 bu. 40-80/1000 bu.
150-330/1000 cu. ft. 30-66/1000 cu. ft.
14. Commodity in small containers 1-2 pellets per 10 cu. ft.
15. Rodent burrows 10-20/per burrow 2-4/per burrow
Higher dosages are recommended in structures that are of loose construction and in the fumigation of bulk stored
commodities in which diffusion will be slowed and result in poor distribution of phosphine gas.
8
9. PROTECTIVE CLOTHING
GLOVES:
Wear dry gloves of cotton or other material if contact with tablets, pellets, or dust is likely.
Gloves should remain dry during use.
Wash hands thoroughly after handling aluminum phosphide products.
Aerate used gloves and other clothing that may be contaminated in a well ventilated area prior to laundering.
10. RESPIRATORY PROTECTION
10.1 When respiratory protection must be worn
Respiratory protection approved by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health/Mine Safety and
Health Administration (NIOSH/MSHA) must be worn during exposure to concentrations in excess of permitted lim-
its or when concentrations are unknown. Self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA) must be worn during entry
into sites that are under fumigation if the concentration of phosphine is unknown or known to exceed the Short-
term Exposure Limit (STEL) for phosphine (1 ppm for 15 minutes).
10.2 Permissible gas concentration ranges for respiratory protection devices
A NIOSH/MSHA approved full-face gas mask - phosphine canister combination may be used at levels up to 15
ppm or following manufacturers use conditions instructions for escape. Above 15 ppm or in situations where the
phosphine concentration is unknown, a NIOSH/MSHA approved, SCBA must be worn. The NIOSH/OSHA Pocket
Guide DHHS (NIOSH) 97-140 or the NIOSH ALERT - Preventing Phosphine Poisoning and Explosions During
Fumigation, lists these and other types of approved respirators and the concentrations limits at which they may be
used.
10.3 Requirements for availability of respiratory protection
If FUMITOXIN is to be applied from within the structure to be fumigated, an approved full-face gas mask - phos-
phine canister combination or SCBA or its equivalent must be available at the site of application in case it is
needed.
Respiratory protection need not be available for applications from outside the area to be fumigated such as addi-
tion of tablets or pellets to automatic dispensing devices, outdoor applications, etc., if exposures above the per-
mitted exposure limits will not be encountered.
If monitoring equipment is not available on a farm and application of FUMITOXIN fumigant cannot be made from
outside the structure, an approved canister respirator must be worn during application from within the structure
being treated. However, if entry into an on-farm structure that is under fumigation is required, SCBA must be worn
if the gas concentration is unknown or above the permissible limits.
11.REQUIREMENTS FOR CERTIFIED APPLICATOR TO BE PRESENT AND RESPONSIBLE
FOR ALL WORKERS AS FOLLOWS:
A. A Certified Applicator must be physically present, responsible for, and maintain visual and/or voice contact
with all fumigation workers during the application of the fumigant. Once the application is complete and the
structure has been made secure the certified applicator does not need to be physically present at the site.
B. A Certified Applicator must be physically present, responsible for, and maintain visual and/or voice contact
with all fumigation workers during the initial opening of the fumigation structure for aeration. Once the aer-
ation process is secured and monitoring has established that aeration can be completed safely the certi-
fied applicator does not need to be physically present and trained person(s) can complete the process and
remove the placards.
C. Persons with documented training in the handling of Phosphine products must be responsible for receiv-
ing, aerating and removal of placards from vehicles, which have been fumigated in transit. Refer to sec-
tion 12 for training requirements.
9
12.TRAINING REQUIREMENTS FOR RECEIPT OF IN-TRANSIT VEHICLES UNDER FUMIGA-
TION.
The trained person(s) must be trained by a Certified Applicator following the EPA accepted product applicator鈥檚
manual that must precede or be attached to the outside of a transport vehicle; or by other training which is accept-
ed by local and/or state authorities. When training has been completed and the employee demonstrates safety
knowledge proficiency, the training date must be logged and maintained in the employee鈥檚 safety training record
for a minimum of three years. Refresher training must be done on an annual basis.
This training must cover the following items, each of which may be found in this manual:
a.How to aerate the vehicle and verify that it contains no more than 0.3-ppm phosphine.
OR
b.How to transfer the commodity to another storage area without prior aeration and ensure that worker safety
limits are not being exceeded during the transfer.
c. How to determine when respiratory protection must be worn.
d.How to protect workers and nearby persons from exposure to levels above the 8-hour time weighted average
(TWA) of 0.3 ppm or the 15 minute TWA short-term exposure limit (STEL) of 1.0 ppm phosphine.
e.Proper removal of placards from the vehicle.
f. How to follow proper residual disposal instruction.
13. GAS DETECTION EQUIPMENT
There are a number of devices on the market for the measurement of phosphine gas at both industrial hygiene
and fumigation levels. Glass detection tubes used in conjunction with the appropriate hand-operated air sampling
pumps are widely used. These devices are portable, simple to use, do not require extensive training and are rel-
atively rapid, inexpensive and accurate. Electronic devices are also available for both low level and high phosphine
gas readings. Such devices should be used in full compliance with manufacturers鈥? recommendations.
14. NOTIFICATION REQUIREMENTS
14.1 Authorities and on-site workers:
As required by local regulations, notify the appropriate local officials (fire department, police department, etc.) of
the impending fumigation. Provide to the officials an MSDS and an Applicator鈥檚 Manual for the product and any
other technical information deemed useful. Offer to review this information with the local official(s).
14.2 Incidents involving these products:
Registrants must be informed of any incident involving the use of this product. Please call (252)237-7923/1-800-
548-2778 so Pestcon Systems, Inc. can report the incident as per requirements of 40 CFR Part 159.
14.3 Theft of Products:
Immediately report to the local police department thefts of metal phosphide fumigants.
15. APPLICATOR AND WORKER EXPOSURE
15.1 Exposure Limits
Exposures to phosphine must not exceed the 8-hour Time Weighted Average (TWA) of 0.3 ppm or the 15-minute
Short-term Exposure limit (STEL) of 1.0-ppm phosphine. All persons are covered by these exposure standards.
10
15.2 Application of Fumigant
At least two persons, a certified applicator and trained person, or two trained persons under the direct supervision
of the certified applicator must be present when entry into the structure for application of the fumigant is required.
Depending upon temperature and humidity, FUMITOXIN tablets and pellets release phosphine gas slowly upon
exposure to moisture from the air. In most cases, this release is slow enough to permit applicators to deposit fumi-
gant in the desired areas and then vacate the premises without significant exposure to the gas. If the fumigator鈥檚
exposure will exceed the allowable limits, approved respiratory protection must be worn.
15.3 Leakage from Fumigated Sites
Phosphine gas is highly mobile and given enough time may penetrate seemingly gas-tight materials such as con-
crete and cinder block. Therefore, adjacent, enclosed areas likely to be occupied must be examined to ensure that
significant leakage has not occurred. Sealing of the fumigated site and/or airflow in the occupied areas must be
sufficient to bring down the phosphine concentration to a safe level of 0.3 ppm or below.
15.4 Aeration and Re-entry
If the structure is to be entered after fumigation, it must be aerated until the level of phosphine gas is 0.3 ppm or
below. The area or site must be monitored to ensure that liberation of gas from the treated commodity does not
result in the development of unacceptable levels (i.e., over industrial hygiene levels of phosphine). Do not allow
re-entry into treated structure by any person before the level of phosphine reaches 0.3 ppm or below unless pro-
tected by an approved respirator.
15.5 Handling Unaerated Commodities
Transfer of incompletely aerated commodity via bulk handling equipment such as augers, drag conveyors and con-
veyor belts to a new storage structure is permissible. A Certified Applicator is responsible for training workers who
handle the transfer of incompletely aerated listed commodities, and appropriate measures must be taken (i.e., ven-
tilation or respiratory protection) to prevent exposures from exceeding the exposure limits for phosphine. The new
storage structure must be placarded if it contains more than 0.3 ppm phosphine. If the fumigation structure must
be entered to complete the transfer, at least two trained persons, wearing proper respiratory protection, may enter
the structure. A certified applicator must be physically present during the entry into the structure.
REMEMBER transporting containers or vehicles under fumigation over public roads is prohibited.
15.6 Industrial Hygiene Monitoring
Phosphine exposures must be documented in an operations log or manual at each fumigation area and operation
where exposures may occur. Monitor airborne phosphine concentrations in all indoor areas to which fumigators
and other workers have had access during fumigation and aeration. Perform such monitoring in workers鈥? breath-
ing zones. This monitoring is mandatory and is performed to determine when and where respiratory protection is
required. Once exposures have been adequately characterized, spot checks must be made, especially if condi-
tions change significantly or if an unexpected garlic odor is detected or a change in phosphine level is suspected.
15.7 Engineering Controls and Work Practices
If monitoring shows that workers may be exposed to concentrations in excess of the permitted limits, then engi-
neering controls (such as forced air ventilation) and/or appropriate work practices must be used to reduce expo-
sure to within permitted limits. In any case, appropriate respiratory protection must be worn if phosphine exposure
limits are exceeded.
16. PLACARDING OF FUMIGATED AREAS
All entrances to the fumigated structure must be placarded. Placards must be made of substantial material that
can be expected to withstand adverse weather conditions, and must bear the wording as follows:
1.The signal words DANGER/PELIGRO and the SKULL AND CROSSBONES symbol in red.
2.The statement 鈥淪tructure and/or commodity under fumigation, DO NOT ENTER/NO ENTRE鈥?.
3.The Statement, 鈥淭his sign may only be removed by a certified applicator or a person with documented train-
ing after the structure and/or commodity is completely aerated (contains 0.3 ppm or less of phosphine gas).鈥?
11
If incompletely aerated commodity is transferred to a new storage structure, the new structure must also be plac-
arded if it contains more than 0.3 ppm. Workers exposure during this transfer must not exceed allowable limits.
4.The date the fumigation begins.
5.Name and EPA registration number of fumigant used.
6.Name, address and telephone number of the Fumigation Company and/or applicator.
7.A 24-hour emergency response telephone number.
All entrances into a fumigated structure must be placarded. Where possible, placards should be placed in advance
of the fumigation to keep unauthorized persons away. For railroad hopper cars, placards must be placed on both
sides of the car near the ladders and next to the top hatches into which the fumigant is introduced.
Do not remove placards until the treated commodity is aerated down to 0.3 ppm phosphine or less. To determine
whether aeration is complete, each fumigated structure or vehicle must be monitored and shown to contain 0.3
ppm or less phosphine gas in the air space around and, if feasible, in the mass of the commodity.
17. SEALING OF STRUCTURE
The structure to be fumigated must first be inspected to determine if it can be made sufficiently gas tight. Careful
sealing is required so that adequate gas levels are retained. Turn off all ventilation, supply air, air conditioning, and
any other air moving systems, which could negatively affect the fumigation. Thoroughly inspect the structure to be
fumigated and seal cracks, holes and openings. These areas could include, but are not limited to: windows, doors,
vents, chimneys, open pipes and structural flaws. Sealing techniques can vary, but most often include polyethyl-
ene sheeting, adhesive tapes and adhesive sprays. Expandable foam or caulking material can work well on struc-
tural flaws. Proper sealing will insure sufficient gas levels within the fumigated structure and will decrease the
chance of unwanted exposures outside of the fumigated area.
As with all fumigations, it is required that sealing be inspected for leaks. If phosphine above 0.3 ppm is found in
an area where exposure to workers or bystanders may occur, the fumigator, using proper respiratory protective
equipment must attempt to seal the leak from the exterior of the structure. Failing this, the fumigators, following
proper procedures to prevent accidental poisoning, may enter the structure and seal the leaks from the interior. If
the concentration inside the structure has decreased below the target level as a result of the leakage, additional
fumigant may be added following the sealing repairs.
DO NOT FUMIGATE A STRUCTURE THAT CANNOT BE SEALED SUFFICIENTLY GAS TIGHT.
18. AERATION OF FUMIGATED COMMODITIES
As an alternative to the aeration time periods listed below, each container of the treated commodity may be ana-
lyzed for residues using accepted analytical methods.
18.1 Foods and Feeds
Tolerances for phosphine residues have been established at 0.1 ppm for animal feeds and 0.01 ppm for processed
foods. To guarantee compliance with these tolerances, it is necessary to aerate these commodities for a minimum
of 48 hours prior to offering them to the end consumer.
18.2 Non-food Commodities
Aerate all non-food commodities to 0.3 ppm or less of phosphine. Monitor densely packed commodities to ensure
that aeration is complete.
18.3 Tobacco
Tobacco must be aerated for at least three days (72 hours) when fumigated in hogsheads and for at least two days
(48 hours) when fumigated in other containers or until concentration is below 0.3 ppm. When plastic liners are
used, longer aeration periods will probably be required to aerate the commodity down to 0.3 ppm.
12
19. STORAGE INSTRUCTIONS
FUMITOXIN tablets/pellets must be stored in a dry, well-ventilated area away from heat, under lock and key. Post
as a pesticide storage area. Do not contaminate food, water or feed by storing pesticides in the same areas used
to store these commodities. Do not store in buildings where humans or domestic animals may reside. Keep out of
reach of children.
19.1 Labeling of Storage
The labeling of the storage area should take into account the needs of a variety of organizations. These include,
but are not to be limited to: company policy, insurance carrier, Occupational Safety and Health Administration
(OSHA), Emergency Planning and Community Right to Know and local emergency response professionals. At a
minimum, the storage must be marked with the following signs and should be locked:
1. Danger, Poison (with skull and crossbones)
2. Authorized Personnel Only
3. National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) Hazard Identification Symbols for the pesticide.
The NFPA has developed Hazard Identification Symbols. This standardized system is designed to provide, at a
glance, the information regarding the health, fire and reactivity hazards associated with hazardous materials. The
following are the hazard categories and degree of hazard for aluminum phosphide:
Category Degree of Hazard
Health 4 (Severe Hazard)
Flammability 4 (Severe Hazard)
Reactivity 2 (Moderate)
Special Notice Key W
NOTE: When using the NFPA Hazard Identification System, the characteristics of all hazardous materials stored
in a particular area must be considered. The local fire protection district should be consulted for guidance on the
selection and placement of such signs.
20. TRANSPORTATION INSTRUCTIONS
The United States Department of Transportation (DOT) classifies aluminum phosphide as Dangerous When Wet
material and it must be transported in accordance with DOT regulations.
20.1 Transport Designations - The following transport designations apply to aluminum phosphide:
Proper Shipping Name: Aluminum phosphide
Hazard Class: 4.3
Identification No.: UN 1397
Packing Group: PG I
Shipping Label: Dangerous When Wet /Poison
Shipping Placard: Dangerous When Wet
20.2 Transportation Exemption:
Exemption: DOT-E 10753
Purpose and Limitation: 鈥?...The motor vehicles used under the terms of this exemption are not required to be plac-
arded...鈥?
Modes of Transportation Authorized: Motor vehicle (Only private motor vehicles used in pest control operations
are authorized to transport the packages covered by the terms of this exemption.)
NOTE: You must have a copy of this exemption with you during transportation. For a copy of this exemption con-
tact: PESTCON SYSTEMS, INC., 1808 Firestone Parkway, Wilson, NC 27893, Telephone: (252) 237-7923/
1-800-548-2778, Fax: 252-237-3259 or Internet: www.pestcon.com
13
21. FUMIGATION MANAGEMENT PLAN
The certified applicator is responsible for working with the owners and/or responsible employees of the structure
and/or area to be fumigated to develop and follow a Fumigation Management Plan (FMP). The FMP is intended
to ensure a safe and effective fumigation. The FMP must address characterization of the structure and/or area,
and include appropriate monitoring and notification requirements, consistent with, but not limited to, the following:
1. Inspect the structure and/or area to determine its suitability for fumigation.
2. When sealing is required, consult previous records for any changes to the structure, seal leaks, and moni-
tor any occupied adjacent buildings to ensure safety.
3. Prior to each fumigation, review any existing FMP, MSDS, Applicators Manual and other relevant safety pro-
cedures with company officials and appropriate employees.
4. Consult company officials in the development of procedures and appropriate safety measures for nearby
workers that will be in and around the area during application and aeration.
5. Consult with company officials to develop an appropriate monitoring plan that will confirm that nearby work-
ers and bystanders are not exposed to levels above the allowed limits during application, fumigation and
aeration. This plan must also demonstrate that nearby residents will not be exposed to concentrations
above the allowable limits.
6. Consult with company officials to develop procedures for local authorities to notify nearby residents in the
event of an emergency.
7. Confirm the placement of placards to secure entrance into any structure under fumigation.
8. Confirm the required safety equipment is in place and the necessary manpower is available to complete a
safe and effective fumigation.
9. Written notification must be provided to the receiver of a vehicle that is fumigated in transit.
These factors must be considered in putting a FMP together. It is important to note that some plans will be more
comprehensive than others. All plans should reflect the experience and expertise of the applicator and circum-
stances at and around the structure and/or area.
In addition to the plan, the applicator must read the entire label and applicator manual and follow its directions care-
fully. If the applicator has any questions about the development of a FMP, contact PESTCON SYSTEMS, INC. for
further assistance.
The FMP and related documentation, including monitoring records, must be maintained for a minimum of 2 years.
GUIDANCE FOR PREPARATION OF A FUMIGATION MANAGEMENT PLAN
Purpose
A Fumigation Management Plan (FMP) is an organized, written description of the required steps involved to help
ensure a safe, legal and effective fumigation. It will also assist you and others in complying with pesticide product
label requirements. The guidance that follows is designed to help assist you in addressing all the necessary fac-
tors involved in preparing for and fumigating a structure and/or area.
This guidance is intended to help you organize any fumigation that you might perform, PRIOR TO ACTUAL
TREATMENT. It is meant to be somewhat prescriptive, yet flexible enough to allow the experience and expertise
of the fumigator to make changes based on circumstances, which may exist in the field. By following a step-by-
step procedure, which allow for flexibility, a safe and effective fumigation can be performed.
Before any fumigation begins, carefully read and review the label and the Applicator鈥檚 Manual. This information
must also be given to the appropriate company officials (supervisors, foreman, safety officer, etc.) in charge of the
site. Preparation is the key to any successful fumigation. If you do not find specific instructions for the type of fumi-
gation that you are to perform listed in this Guidance Document you will want to construct a similar set of proce-
dures using this document as your guide or contact Pestcon Systems, Inc. for assistance. Finally, before any fumi-
gation begins you must be familiar with, and comply with all applicable federal, state and local regulations. The
success of the fumigation is not only dependent on your ability to do your job but also upon carefully following all
rules, regulations, and procedures required by governmental agencies.
14
A CHECKLIST GUIDE FOR A FUMIGATION MANAGEMENT PLAN
This checklist is provided to help you take into account factors that must be addressed prior to performing all fumi-
gations. It emphasizes safety steps to protect people and property. The checklists is general in nature and cannot
be expected to apply to all types of fumigation situations. It is to be used as a guide to prepare the required plan.
Each item must be considered. However, it is understood that each fumigation is different and not all items will be
necessary for each fumigation site.
A. PRELIMINARY PLANNING AND PREPARATION
1. Determine the purpose of the fumigation.
a. Elimination of insect infestation
b. Elimination of vertebrate pests
c. Plant pest quarantine.
2. Determine the type of fumigation, for example:
a. Space: tarp, mill, warehouse, food plant, or outdoor area
b. Vehicle: railcar, truck, van, container
c. Commodity: raw agricultural or processed foods or non-food
d. Type of Storage: vertical silo, farm storage, flat storage, etc.
e. Vessels: ship or barge. In addition to the Applicator鈥檚 Manual, read the US Coast Guard Regulation
46CFR 147A.
3. Fully acquaint yourself with the structure, and commodity to be fumigated, including:
a. The general structure layout, construction (materials, design, age, maintenance), of the structure, fire
or combustibility hazards, connecting structures and escape routes, above and below ground, and
other unique hazards or structural characteristics. Prepare , with the owner / operator / person in
charge, a drawing or sketch of structure to be fumigated, delineating features, hazards, and other
structural characteristics.
b. The number and identification of persons who routinely enter the area to be fumigated (i.e.,
Employees, visitors, customers, etc.).
c. The specific commodity to be fumigated, its mode of storage, and its condition.
d. The previous treatment history of the commodity, if available.
e. Accessibility of utility service connections.
f. Nearest telephone or other means of communication. Mark the location of these items on the
drawing/sketch.
g. Emergency shut-off stations for electricity, water, and gas. Mark the location of these items on the
drawing/sketch.
h. Current emergency telephone numbers of local Health, Fire, Police, Hospital and Physician
responders.
i. Name and phone number (both day and night) of appropriate company officials.
j. Check, mark and prepare the points of fumigant application locations if the job involves entry into the
structure for fumigation.
k. Review labeling and Applicator鈥檚 Manual.
l. Exposure time considerations:
1. Product (tablets and pellets) to be used.
2. Minimum fumigation period, as defined and described by the label use directions.
3. Down time required to be available.
4. Aeration requirements.
5. Clean-up requirements, including dry or wet deactivation methods, equipment, and personnel
needs, if necessary.
6. Measured and recorded commodity temperature and moisture.
m. Determination of dosage:
1. Cubic footage or other appropriate space/ location calculations.
2. Structure sealing capability and methods.
3. Label recommendations.
4. Temperature, humidity, wind.
15
5. Commodity/space volume.
6. Past history of fumigation of structure.
7. Exposure time.
B. PERSONNEL
1. Confirm in writing that all personnel in and around the structure and/or area to be fumigated have been
notified prior to application of the fumigant. Consider using a checklist that each employee initials indi-
cating they have been notified.
2. Instruct all fumigation personnel to read the Applicator鈥檚 Manual concerning the hazards that may be
encountered, the selection of personal protection devices, including detection equipment.
3. Confirm that all personnel are aware of and know how to proceed in case of an emergency situation.
4. Instruct all personnel on how to report any accident and / or incidents related to fumigant exposure.
Provide a telephone number for emergency response reporting.
5. Instruct all personnel to report to proper authorities any theft of fumigant and / or equipment related to
fumigation.
6. Establish a meeting area for all personnel in case of an emergency.
C. MONITORING
1. Safety
a. Monitoring of phosphine concentrations must be conducted in areas to prevent excessive exposure
and to determine where exposure may occur. Document where monitoring will occur.
b. Keep a log or manual of monitoring records for each fumigation structure and/or area. This log, must
at a minimum contain the timing, number of readings taken and level of concentrations found in each
location.
c. When monitoring, document even if there is no phosphine present above the safe levels. In such
cases, subsequent monitoring is not routinely required. However, spot checks must be made
occasionally, especially if conditions change significantly.
d. Monitoring must be conducted during aeration and corrective action must be taken if gas levels ex-
ceed the allowed levels in an area where bystanders and / or nearby residents or domestic animals
may be exposed.
2. Efficacy
a. Phosphine readings should be taken from within the fumigated structure to insure proper gas con-
centrations. If the phosphine concentrations have fallen below the targeted level the fumigators,
following proper entry procedures may re-enter the structure and add additional product.
b. All phosphine readings should be documented.
D. NOTIFICATION
1. Confirm the appropriate local authorities (fire departments, police departments, etc.) have been notified
as per label instructions, local ordinances, or instructions of the client.
2. Prepare written procedure (鈥淓mergency Response Plan鈥?), which contains explicit instructions, names,
and telephone numbers so as to be able to notify local authorities if phosphine levels are exceeded in
an area that could be dangerous to bystanders and/or domestic animals.
3. Confirm that the receiver of in-transit vehicles under fumigation have been notified and are trained
according to Section 12 of this applicator manual.
16
E. SEALING PROCEDURES
1. Sealing must be adequate to control the pests. Care should be taken to insure that sealing materials
would remain intact until the fumigation is complete.
2. If the structure has been fumigated before, review the previous FMP for previous sealing information.
3. Make sure that construction / remodeling has not changed the building in a manner that will affect the
fumigation.
4. Warning placards must be placed on every possible entrance to the fumigation structure.
F. APPLICATION PROCEDURES & FUMIGATION PERIOD
1. Plan carefully and apply the fumigant in accordance with the label requirements.
2. When entering into the area under fumigation, always work with two or more people under the direct su-
pervision of a certified applicator wearing appropriate respirators.
3. Apply fumigant from the outside where appropriate.
4. Provide watchmen when the possibility of entry into the fumigation site by unauthorized persons cannot
otherwise be assured.
5. When entering structures, always follow OSHA rules for confined spaces.
6. Document that the receiver of vehicles fumigated in-transit has been notified.
7. Turn off any electric lights in the fumigated area of the structure as well as all non-essential electrical
motors.
G. POST-APPLICATION OPERATIONS
1. Provide watchmen when the fumigation structure cannot be secured from entry by unauthorized persons
during the aeration process.
2. Aerate in accordance with structural limitations.
3. Turn on ventilating or aeration fans where appropriate.
4. Use a suitable gas detector before re-entry into a fumigated structure to determine fumigant concen-
tration.
5. Keep written records of monitoring to document completion of aeration.
6. Consider temperature when aerating.
7. Ensure that aeration is complete before moving a treated vehicle onto public roads.
8. Remove warning placards when aeration is complete.
9. Inform business/client that employees/other persons may return to work or otherwise be allowed to
re-enter the aerated structure.
17
22. APPLICATION PROCEDURES
A FMP must be devised to cover application and exposure period, aeration and disposal of the fumigant
so as to keep to a minimum any human exposure to phosphine and to help assure adequate control of the
insect pests.
The following instructions are intended to provide general guidelines for typical fumigation sites.
22.1 Farm Bins:
Leakage is the single most important cause of failures in the treatment of farm storages. Since these storages are
often small, they usually have a higher leakage area in proportion to their capacity. Most wooden storage struc-
tures are so porous that they cannot be successfully fumigated unless they are completely tarped. Do not fumi-
gate a storage that will be entered by humans or animals prior to aeration. Do not fumigate areas which house
sensitive equipment containing copper or other metals likely to be corroded by phosphine gas.
1. Read the label, Applicator鈥檚 Manual, MSDS and related safety material.
2. Inspect the bin to determine if you can fumigate effectively.
3. If the bin is located in an area where nearby workers and / or bystanders or domestic animals would be
exposed to phosphine gas because of leakage from the bin:
(i) Develop a monitoring procedure that will confirm if leakage from the bin is above the allowable lim-
its in an area that would affect nearby workers or bystanders.
(ii) Advise local authorities when and where you will be fumigating. Provide and review with them the
MSDS, Applicator鈥檚 Manual and other relevant safety information.
4. If the bin is in an isolated area on private property (i) and (ii) above are not required.
5. Seal the bin as tightly as possible. It is recommended that the surface of the grain be covered with poly after
FUMITOXIN has been applied. Tarping the grain surface will greatly reduce the leak rate of the gas as well
as reduce the amount of FUMITOXIN required. Only the volume below the tarp must be dosed. If not tarped,
the entire volume of the storage must be treated, whether full or empty.
6. Using the applicator鈥檚 manual, calculate the dosage of tablets or pellets to be applied based on type of struc-
ture, its sealing properties, content type, weather, and commodity temperature and moisture content of the
commodity and length of fumigation.
7. FUMITOXIN tablets or pellets required for the fumigation may be scattered over the surface or probed into
the grain using a rigid PVC pipe about 5 to 7 feet in length and having a diameter of 1-1/4 inches.
8. Use about 20-50 tablets or 100-250 pellets per probe. Probe the dosage uniformly over the surface. Fumi-
Sleeve庐 dust retainer or packaged fumigants may be used if dust-free applications are desired.
9. Immediately cover the surface of the grain with a plastic tarpaulin.
10. Place no more than 25 percent of the total dose at the bottom if the bin is equipped with aeration fans. CAU-
TION: Make sure that the aeration duct is dry before adding FUMITOXIN. Addition of FUMITOXIN to water
in an aeration duct may result in a fire.
11. Seal the aeration fan with 4-mil plastic sheeting.
12. Place placards on all entrances to the bin and near the ladder.
13. Following aeration of the bin, the surface of the grain may be sprayed with an approved protectant to dis-
courage reinfestation.
NOTE: If monitoring equipment is not available on a farm and application cannot be done outside of a structure,
an approved canister respirator must be worn during application from within an enclosed indoor area.
18
22.2 Flat Storage
Treatment of these types of storages often require considerable time and physical effort. Therefore, sufficient man-
power should be available to complete the work rapidly enough to prevent excessive exposure to phosphine gas.
Vent flasks outside the storage, conduct fumigations during cooler periods, and employ other work practices to
minimize exposures. It is likely that respiratory protection will be required during application of fumigant to flat stor-
ages. Refer to the sections on Applicator and Worker Exposure and Respiratory Protection.
1. Inspect the site to determine its suitability for fumigation.
2. Determine if the structure is in an area where leakage during fumigation or aeration would adversely affect
nearby workers or bystanders if concentrations were above the permitted exposure levels.
3. Develop an appropriate Fumigation Management Plan. (Refer to FMP guidelines.)
4. Consult previous records for any changes to the structure. Seal vents, cracks and other sources of leaks.
5. Using the applicators manual, determine the length of the fumigation and calculate the dosage of tablets or
pellets to be applied based upon volume of the building, contents, air and/or commodity temperature and the
general tightness of the structure.
6. Apply tablets or pellets by surface application, shallow probing, deep probing or uniform addition as the flat
storage is filled.
Storages requiring more than 24 hours to fill should not be treated by addition of fumigant to the commodi-
ty stream as large quantities of phosphine may escape before the bin is completely sealed.
Probes should be inserted vertically at intervals along the length and width of the flat storage. Pellets or
tablets may be dropped into the probe at intervals as it is withdrawn.
Surface application may be used if the bin can be made sufficiently gas tight to contain the fumigant gas
long enough for it to penetrate the commodity. In this instance, it is advisable to place about 25 percent of
the dosage in the floor level aeration ducts. Check the ducts prior to addition of FUMITOXIN to make sure
that they contain no liquid water.
7. Placement of plastic tarp over the surface of the commodity is often advisable, particularly if the overhead
of the storage cannot be well sealed.
8. Lock all entrances to the storage and post fumigation warning placards.
22.3 Vertical Storages (concrete upright bins and other silos in which grain can be rapidly transferred)
1. Inspect the site to determine its suitability for fumigation.
2. Determine if the structure is in an area where leakage during fumigation or aeration would expose nearby
workers or bystanders to concentrations above the permitted levels.
3. Develop an appropriate Fumigation Management Plan. (Refer to FMP guidelines.)
4. Consult previous records for any changes to the structure. Close openings and seal cracks to make the stru-
cture as airtight as possible. Prior to the fumigation, seal the vents near the bin top, and any openings which
connect to adjacent bins.
5. Using the applicator manual, determine the length of the fumigation and calculate the dosage of tablets or
pellets to be applied based upon volume of the building, air and/or commodity temperature and the general
tightness of the structure.
6. Tablets or pellets may be applied continuously by hand or by an automatic dispenser on the head house /
gallery belt or into the fill opening as the commodity is loaded into the bin. An automatic dispenser may
also be used to add FUMITOXIN into the commodity stream in the up leg of the elevator.
19
7. Seal the bin deck openings after the fumigation has been completed.
8. Bins requiring more than 24 hours to fill should not be fumigated by continuous addition into the commodity
stream. Probing, surface application, or other appropriate means may be employed to fumigate these bins.
Exposure periods should be lengthened to allow for diffusion of gas to all parts of the bin if FUMITOXIN has
not been applied uniformly throughout the commodity mass.
9. Place warning placards on the discharge gate and on all entrances.
22.4 Mills, Food Processing Plants and Warehouses
1. Inspect the site to determine its suitability for fumigation.
2. Determine if the structure is in an area where leakage during fumigation or aeration would expose nearby
workers or bystanders if concentrations were above the permitted exposure levels.
3. Develop an appropriate Fumigation Management Plan. (Refer to FMP guidelines.)
4. Using the Applicator鈥檚 Manual, determine the length of the fumigation and calculate the dosage of tablets or
pellets to be applied based upon volume of the building, air and/or commodity temperature and the general
tightness of the structure.
5. Read the directions found in 4.2 Physical and Chemical Hazards and remove or cover any of the listed items
that can become damaged from exposure to phosphine gas.
6. Consult previous records for any changes in the structure. Carefully seal and placard the space to be fumi-
gated.
7. Place trays or sheets of Kraft paper or foil, up to 12-sq. ft. (1.1 sq. M) in area, on the floor throughout the
structure.
8. Spread FUMITOXIN on the sheets at a density no greater than 30 tablets per sq. ft. or 150 pellets per sq. ft.
This corresponds to slightly more than one-half flask of tablets or one-half flask of pellets per 3鈥橷4鈥? sheet.
Check to see that FUMITOXIN has not piled up and that it is spread out evenly to minimize contact between
the individual tablets or pellets.
9. Turn off any lights within the treated area and shut off all electrical motors not essential to operations of the
storage. Doors leading to the fumigated space must be closed, sealed, and placarded with warning signs.
10. Upon completion of the exposure period, windows, doors, vents, etc., should be opened and the fumigated
structure allowed to aerate. The structure should not be entered without proper Personal Protective Equip-
ment (PPE) unless gas readings have been taken and the concentration is below the allowable limits. Gas
concentration readings may be taken using low-level detector tubes or similar devices to ensure safety of
personnel who re-enter the treated area.
11. Collect the spent FUMITOXIN dust and dispose of it, with or without further deactivation. Refer to Disposal
Instructions in this manual.
12. Remove fumigation warning placards from the aerated structure.
22.5 Railcars, Containers, Trucks, Vans, and Other Transport Vehicles
Railcars and containers, trucks, vans, and other transport vehicles shipped piggyback by rail may be fumigated in-
transit. However, the aeration of railcars, railroad boxcars, containers and other vehicles is prohibited enroute. It is
not legal to move trucks, trailers, containers, vans, etc., over public roads or highways until they have been aerat-
ed.
20
Transport vehicles loaded with bulk commodities, to which FUMITOXIN tablets or pellets may be added directly,
are treated in essentially the same way as any other flat storage facility. FUMITOXIN may be added as the vehi-
cle is being filled. The dose may be scattered over the surface after loading has been completed or the tablets or
pellets may be probed below the surface. Carefully seal any vents, cracks or other leaks, particularly if the fumi-
gation is to be carried out in-transit. See Section 16 of this Applicator鈥檚 Manual for recommendations on placard-
ing.
PHOSTOXIN Prepacs or Fumi-Cel庐 plates (not classified by UL) are recommended for the treatment of trans-
port vehicles or similar storages containing processed foods for which no direct contact is allowed with tablets
or pellets.
The Shipper and/or the fumigator must provide written notification to the receiver of railcars, railroad boxcars, ship-
ping containers and other vehicles, which have been fumigated in-transit. A copy of the Applicator鈥檚 Manual must
precede or accompany all transportation containers or vehicles, which are fumigated in-transit. If the Applicator鈥檚
Manual is sent with the transport vehicle it must be placed securely on the outside of the vehicle.
Proper handling of treated railcars at their destination is the responsibility of the consignee. Upon receipt of the
railcar, railroad boxcars, shipping containers and other vehicles, a certified applicator and/or persons with docu-
mented authorized training must supervise the aeration process and removal of the placards.
22.6 Tarpaulin and Bunker Fumigations
Use of plastic sheeting or tarpaulins to cover commodities is one of the easiest and least expensive means for pro-
viding relatively gas tight enclosures which are very well-suited for fumigation. Poly tarps are penetrated only very
slowly by phosphine gas and tight coverings are readily formed from the sheets. The volume of these enclosures
may vary widely from a few cubic feet (for example, a fumigation tarpaulin placed over a small stack of bagged
commodity) to a plastic bunker storage capable of holding 600,000 bushels of grain or more.
1. Develop an enclosure suitable for fumigation by covering bulk or packaged commodities with poly sheeting.
The sheets may be taped together to provide a sufficient width of material to ensure that adequate sealing
is obtained. If the flooring upon which the commodity rests is of wood or other porous material, the com-
modity to be fumigated should be repositioned onto poly prior to covering for fumigation. The plastic cover-
ing of the pile may be sealed to the floor using sand or water snakes, by shoveling soil or sand onto the ends
of the plastic covering or by other suitable procedures. The poly covering should be reinforced by tape or
other means around any sharp corners or edges in the stack so as to reduce the risk of tearing. Thinner poly,
about 2 mil, is suitable for most indoor tarp fumigations and for sealing of windows, doors and other open-
ings in structures. However, 4 mil poly or thicker is more suitable for outdoor applications where wind or other
mechanical stresses are likely to be encountered.
2. Determine if the enclosure is in an area where leakage during fumigation or aeration would affect nearby
workers or bystanders.
3. Develop an appropriate Fumigation Management Plan. (Refer to the FMP guidelines.)
4. Using the guidance given under Section 7, Exposure Conditions, determine the length of the fumigation and
calculate the dosage of tablets or pellets to be applied based upon volume of space under the tarp, air and/
or commodity temperature.
5. Tablets or pellets may be applied to the tarped stack or bunker storage of bulk commodity through slits in
the poly covering. Probing or other means of dosing may be used. Avoid application of large amounts of
FUMITOXIN at any one point. The FUMITOXIN should be added below the surface of the commodity if con-
densation or other source of moisture is likely to form beneath the poly. The slits in the covering should be
carefully taped to prevent loss of gas once the dose has been applied and the introduction of water from rain.
PHOSTOXIN Prepacs (not classified by UL) are recommended for the treatment of bagged commodities and
processed foods although tablets and pellets on trays or sheets of Kraft paper may be used. Care should be
taken to see that the poly is not allowed to cover the FUMITOXIN and prevent contact with moist air or con-
fine the gas.
21
6. Distribution of phosphine gas is generally not a problem in the treatment of bagged commodities and pro-
cessed foods. However, fumigation of larger bunker storages containing bulk commodity will require proper
application procedures to obtain adequate results.
7. Place warning placards at conspicuous points on the enclosure.
22.7 In-transit Shiphold Fumigation
22.7.1 General Information
1. Important - In-transit ship or shiphold fumigation is also governed by U.S. Coast Guard Regulation 46 CFR
147A, Interim Regulations for Shipboard Fumigation. Refer to this regulation prior to fumigation.
For further information contact:
Commandant
U.S. Coast Guard
Hazardous Materials Standards Division
GMSO-3
Washington, DC 20593-0001
22.7.2 Pre -Voyage Fumigation Procedures
1. Prior to fumigating a vessel for in-transit cargo fumigation, the master of the vessel, or his representative,
and the certified applicator must determine whether the vessel is suitably designed and configured so as
to allow for safe occupancy by the ship鈥檚 crew throughout the duration of the fumigation. If it is determined
the vessel does not meet these requirements then the vessel must not be fumigated unless all crewmem-
bers are removed from the vessel. The crewmembers are not permitted to reoccupy the vessel until it has
been properly aerated and the master of the vessel and the certified applicator has made a determination
that the vessel is safe for occupancy.
2. The certified applicator must notify the master of the vessel, or his representative, of the requirements
relating to personal protection equipment*, detection equipment , and that a person qualified in the use of
this equipment must accompany any vessel containing cargo under fumigation. Emergency procedures,
cargo ventilation, periodic monitoring and inspections, and first aid measures must be discussed with and
understood by the master of the vessel or his representative.
*Note: Personal protection equipment means a NIOSH/MSHA approved respirator or gas mask fitted with
an approved canister for phosphine. The canister is approved for use up to 15 ppm. SCBA or its equivalent
must be used above 15 ppm or at unknown concentrations.
3. Seal all openings to the cargo hold or tank and lock or otherwise secure all openings, manways, etc., which
might be used to enter the hold. The overspace pressure relief system of each tank aboard tankers must be
sealed by closing the appropriate valves and sealing the opening into the overspace with gas-tight materials.
4. Placard all entrances to the treated spaces with fumigation warning signs.
5. If the fumigation is not completed and the vessel aerated before the manned vessel leaves port, the person
in charge of the vessel shall ensure that at least two units of personal protection equipment and one phos-
phine gas detection device, and a person qualified in their operation be on board the vessel during the voy-
age.
6. During the fumigation, or until a manned vessel, leaves port or the cargo is aerated, the certified applicator
shall ensure that a qualified person using phosphine gas detection equipment tests spaces adjacent to areas
containing fumigated cargo as well as all regularly occupied spaces for fumigant leakage. If leakage of the
fumigant is detected, the person in charge of the fumigation shall take action to correct the leakage, or shall
inform the master of the vessel, or his representative, of the leakage so that corrective action can be taken.
7. Review with the master, or his representative, the precautions and procedures to follow during the voyage
of a shiphold in-transit fumigation.
22
22.7.3 Application Procedures for Bulk Dry Cargo Vessels and Tankers
1. Apply tablets or pellets by scattering uniformly over the commodity surface, or they may be shallow or deep
probed into the commodity mass. Fumi-Sleeves庐 or packaged metal phosphide products are recommend-
ed if dust free applications are required.
2. Immediately after application of the fumigant, close and secure all hatch covers, tank tops, butterworth
valves, manways, etc.
22.7.4 In-transit Fumigation of Transport Units (Containers) Aboard Ships
In-transit fumigation of transport units on ships is also governed by DOT RSPA 49 CFR 176.76(h) Transport
Vehicles, Freight Containers, and Portable Tanks Containing Hazardous Materials and International Maritime
Dangerous Goods Code P9025-1 Amdt. 27-94.
Application procedures for fumigation of raw commodities or processed foods in transport units (containers) are
described in Section 22.5 of this manual.
22.7.5 Precautions and Procedures During Voyage
1. Using appropriate gas detection equipment, monitor spaces adjacent to areas containing fumigated cargo
and all regularly occupied areas for fumigant leakage. If leakage is detected, the area should be evacuated
of all personnel, ventilated, and action taken to correct the leakage before allowing the area to be occupied.
2. Do not enter fumigated areas except under emergency conditions. If necessary to enter a fumigated area,
appropriate personal protection equipment must be used (see below). Never enter fumigated areas alone.
At least one other person, wearing personal protection equipment, should be available to assist in case of
an emergency.
22.7.6 Precautions and Procedures During Discharge
1. If necessary to enter holds prior to discharge, test spaces directly above grain surface for fumigant concen-
tration, using appropriate gas detection and personal safety equipment. Do not allow entry to fumigated
areas without personal safety equipment, unless fumigant concentrations are at safe levels, as indicated by
a suitable detector.
23. BARGES
Barge fumigation is also regulated by U.S. Coast Guard Regulation 46 CFR 147A as modified by U.S. Coast Guard
Special Permit 2-75. This permit, which must be obtained prior to the fumigation, is available from:
Commandant
U.S. Coast Guard
Hazardous Materials Standards Div.
GMSO-3
Washington, DC 20593-0001
Leaks are a common cause of failures in the treatment of commodities aboard barges. Carefully inspect all hatch
covers prior to application of FUMITOXIN and seal, if necessary. Placard the Barge. Notify consignee if the barge
is to be fumigated in-transit and provide safety instructions for receipt and unloading.
24. SMALL SEALABLE ENCLOSURES
Excellent results may be attained in the treatment of small enclosures since it is often possible to control the tem-
perature during fumigation and also to make the enclosure virtually gas-tight. Take care not to overdose during
these fumigations. A single FUMITOXIN pellet will treat a space of from 1.4 to 10 cubic feet. A single FUMITOXIN
tablet from 6.9 to 50 cubic feet.
23
25. BEEHIVES, SUPERS AND OTHER BEE KEEPING EQUIPMENT
FUMITOXIN tablets and pellets may be used for the control of the Greater Wax Moth in stored beehives, supers,
and other bee keeping equipment and for the destruction of bees, Africanized bees, and diseased bees including
those infested with tracheal mites and foulbrood. The recommended dosage for this use is 30-45 tablets or 150-
225 pellets per 1000 cubic feet.
Fumigations may be performed in chambers at atmospheric pressure, under tarpaulins, etc., by placing the tablets
or pellets on trays or in moisture permeable envelopes. Do not add more than 2 tablets or 10 pellets to each enve-
lope. Honey from treated hives or supers may only be used for bee food.
26. BURROWING PEST CONTROL
26.1 Use Restrictions
This product may be applied to underground burrow systems located in noncrop areas, crop areas, or orchards
occupied by woodchucks, yellowbelly marmots (rockchucks), prairie dogs (except Utah prairie dogs, Cynomys
Parvidens), Norway rats, roof rats, mice, ground squirrels, moles, voles, pocket gophers, and chipmunks.
All treatments for control of these species in burrows must be made outdoors. Tablets or pellets must be applied
directly to underground burrow systems. Before using FUMITOXIN tablets or pellets for burrowing pest control,
read the applicable restrictions under Environmental Hazards, Endangered Species and Special Local Restrictions
below.
This product may be used out-of-doors only for control of burrowing pests. THIS PRODUCT MUST NOT BE
APPLIED INTO A BURROW SYSTEM THAT IS WITHIN 15 FEET (5 METERS) OF A BUILDING THAT IS, OR
MAY BE, OCCUPIED BY HUMANS, AND/OR ANIMALS ESPECIALLY RESIDENCES. Document any burrows that
open under or into occupied buildings and do not apply to these burrows. In addition, check for any other source
through which the gas may enter into occupied buildings as a result of application to burrows. If there is any way
gas can move through pipes, conduits etc., from burrows do not treat these burrows. Prior to treating a rodent bur-
row on a property containing an inhabited structure, the applicant must provide the customer (e.g. tenant, home-
owner, or property manager) with a MSDS or appropriate sections of the Applicator鈥檚 Manual.
26.2 Application Directions
Use application procedures appropriate to the type of burrow system being treated. DOSAGE RATES MUST NOT
BE EXCEEDED UNDER ANY CIRCUMSTANCES.
26.2.1
For species with open burrow systems: locate all entrances to each burrow system. Treatment of more than
one entrance in a system is often desirable as systems often overlap and are not defined. Treat all entrances
except for those entrances you are sure connect to already treated entrances. Insert 2 to 4 tablets or 10 to 20 pel-
lets into each entrance to be treated. Use the lower rates for smaller burrows and/or when soil moisture is high.
Use higher rates for larger burrow systems and when soil moisture is relatively low. Pack each treated entrance
with crumpled paper and shovel soil to completely cover the paper. Using crumpled paper will prevent soil from
covering the tablets or pellets and slowing down their action. Rocks, clods of soil, cardboard etc. may be used for
this purpose. Be sure to seal all untreated entrances by shoveling and packing soil and/or sod to completely seal
the opening.
Inspect treated areas 1 or 2 days following treatment for signs of residual activity of target species. Treat all
reopened burrows in the same manner prescribed above.
26.2.2
For species with closed burrow systems: (pocket gophers, and moles in some situations). Locate the main
underground runway by probing with a smooth-sided rod 12 to 18 inches from a fresh mound. For pocket gophers,
begin probing on the flat side of the mound. A sudden reduction in soil resistance to the probe indicates that the
24
main runway has been located. Once the main runway is located, remove the probe and apply 2 to 4 tablets or 10
to 20 pellets through the probe hole. Adjust treatment rate according to the level of soil moisture, using more tablets
or pellets if the soil is relatively dry. Do not treat if soil is extremely dry or if there are no signs of recent gopher or
mole activity. Make a tight seal to close probe hole by using a clod of soil or a sod plug to cover the hole or by
using the heel of your shoe to push sod and/or soil over the surface opening. If the probe hole is more than one
inch in diameter, place crumpled paper in the hole before closing it with soil and/or sod. Two days after treatment,
you may check area for residual pest activity by poking holes in main runways of burrows systems, flagging holes
and inspecting them two days later. You should retreat all reclosed systems, on both sides of the plug.
26.3 Environmental Hazards
This product is very highly toxic to wildlife. Many non-target organisms exposed to phosphine gas in burrows will
be killed. Do not apply directly to water or wetlands (swamps, bogs, marshes, and potholes). Do not contaminate
water by cleaning of equipment or disposal of wastes.
26.4 Endangered Species Restrictions
The use of FUMITOXIN in a manner that may kill or otherwise harm an endangered or threatened species or
adversely modify their habitat is a violation of Federal laws. Before using this pesticide on range and/or pasture-
land you must obtain the PESTICIDE USE BULLETIN FOR PROTECTION OF ENDANGERED SPECIES for the
county in which the product is to be used. The bulletin is available from your County Extension Agent, State Fish
and Game Office, or your pesticide dealer. Use of this product in a manner inconsistent with the PESTICIDE USE
BULLETIN FOR PROTECTION OF ENDANGERED SPECIES is a violation of Federal laws.
Even if applicable county bulletins do not prohibit the use of this product at the intended site of application, you
may not use this product for control of prairie dogs in the states of Arizona, Colorado, Kansas, Montana, Nebraska,
New Mexico, North Dakota, Oklahoma, South Dakota, Texas, Utah or Wyoming unless a pre-control survey has
been conducted. Contact the nearest U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Endangered Species Specialist to determine
survey requirements in your area. This survey must be in compliance with the Black-Footed Ferret Survey
Guidelines, developed by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, and a determination must be made in accordance
with the Guidelines that black-footed ferrets are not present in the treatment area.
CALIFORNIA (all endangered species)
Fresno, Inyo, Kern, Kings, Madera, Merced, Monterey, San Benito, San Luis Obispo, Santa Barbara, Stanislaus
and Tulare
See the U.S. EPA Interim Measurers Bulletin for your county. To obtain a copy of the bulletin, contact your county
agricultural commissioner or visit the following website: http://www.cdpr.ca.gov/docs/es/index.htm. If there is no
current bulletin available for your county, contact the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service office in Portland, OR, to deter-
mine whether there are endangered species that might be adversely affected by your proposed use of FUMITOX-
IN庐 and the steps you should take to mitigate any such risks.
FLORIDA
Statewide
GEORGIA
Appling, Atkinson, Bacon, Baker, Ben Hill, Bleckley, Berrien, Brantley, Brooks, Bryan, Bullock, Calhoun, Camden,
Chandler, Charlton, Chatham, Clinch, Coffee, Colquitt, Cook, Crisp, Decatur, Dodge, Dooly, Dougherty, Early,
Echols, Effingham, Emanuel, Evans, Glynn, Grady, Irwin, Jeff Davis, Jenkins, Johnson, Lanier, Laurens, Lee,
Liberty, Long, Lowndes, Macon, McCintosh, Miller, Mitchell, Montgomery, Pierce, Pulaski, Screven, Seminole,
Telfair, Tattnall, Thomas, Tift, Toombs, Treutlen, Turner, Ware, Wayne, Wheeler, Wilcox, and Worth.
NEW MEXICO
Hidalgo
UTAH
Beaver, Garfiled, Iron, Kane, Piute, Sevier, Washington, and Wayne
WYOMING
Albany
25
26.4.1 Special Local Restrictions
1. NORTH CAROLINA
FUMITOXIN tablets and pellets may only be used for control of rats and mice in the state of North Carolina. Use
against other burrowing pests (not insect pests) is not permitted.
2. OKLAHOMA
A special permit for black-tailed prairie dog control by poisoning is required in Oklahoma. Contact the Oklahoma
State Department of Wildlife Conservation to obtain this permit.
3. WISCONSIN
A state permit is required for use of pesticides in Wisconsin to Control small mammals, except rats or mice. Please
contact your local Department of Natural Resources office for information.
4. INDIANA
Use of FUMITOXIN tablets or pellets for mole control is not legal in the state of Indiana.
5. MISSOURI
A state permit is required for use of pesticides in Missouri to control small mammals, except rats and mice. Please
contact the Missouri Department of Conservation office for information.
6. KANSAS
A special permit for black-tailed prairie dog control by poisoning is required in Kansas. Contact the Kansas Fish
and Game Commission to obtain this permit.
7. CALIFORNIA
Use of FUMITOXIN tablets and pellets for chipmunk control is not legal in the state of California.
27. FUMI-SLEEVE DUST RETAINER METHOD OF FUMIGATION - patent no. 4,579, 417 &
4,641,573
The FUMI-SLEEVE Dust Retainer is a cotton sleeve designed to slip over the standard 1-1/4鈥? PVC probe. Contact
Pestcon Systems, Inc. for more information regarding these sleeves.
The presence of residual dust from spent FUMITOXIN tablets or pellets in treated raw agricultural commodities
normally presents no problems of toxicity or sanitation. Nevertheless, where it is specified that no tablets or pel-
lets can be placed directly into the commodity during fumigation, conduct the fumigation in the normal manner fol-
lowing the directions below:
1. Determine the structure can be made sufficiently tight by sealing all vents, windows, cracks, or other openings.
2. Determine if the structure is in an area where leakage during fumigation or aeration would affect nearby
workers or bystanders if concentrations were above the permitted exposure levels.
3. Develop an appropriate Fumigation Management Plan. (Refer to Fumigation Management Plan guidelines.)
4. Using the applicators manual, determine the dosage and appropriate number of probings to be used.
5. The FUMI-SLEEVE dust retainer is slipped over the standard 1-1/4鈥? PVC probe.
6. The probe with dust retainer is then inserted into the commodity.
7. As the probe is withdrawn, leaving the dust retainer in the commodity the appropriate number of tablets or
pellets is poured into the probe.
8. After the probe is completely removed, leaving the dust retainer containing the tablets or pellets in the com-
modity, tie off the top of the retainer in a common overhand knot. If probing is not required the closed sleeve
may be placed on the surface of the commodity.
26
9. Post the structure (ship hold, barge, container on the ship, railcar, other piggyback structure) with appropri-
ate warning signs as well as a sign showing the number of FUMI-SLEEVE dust retainers used.
10. On completion of fumigation remove all retainers from the treated commodity and transport in a well-venti-
lated container to disposal site.
11. Disposal
a. The entire dust retainer and residue can be buried following disposal instructions found elsewhere
in this manual.
b. Or the residual dust may be emptied from the sleeve and disposed of according to instructions found
under disposal instructions in section 28.3 of this manual.
c. It is not recommended that you reuse the sleeve.
28. DISPOSAL INSTRUCTIONS
28.1 General
Do not contaminate water, food or feed by storage or disposal.
Unreacted or partially reacted FUMITOXIN is acutely hazardous. Improper disposal of excess pesticide is a viola-
tion of Federal Law. If these wastes cannot be disposed of by use according to applicators manual instructions,
contact your State Pesticide or Environmental Control Agency, or the Hazardous Waste representative at the near-
est EPA Regional Office for guidance. For specific instructions, see Section 29 of this manual, Spill and Leak
Procedures.
Some local and state waste disposal regulations may vary from these general recommendations. Disposal proce-
dures should be reviewed with appropriate authorities to ensure compliance with local regulations. Contact your
state Pesticide or Environmental Control Agency or Hazardous Waste Specialist at the nearest EPA Regional
Office for guidance.
Triple rinse flasks and stoppers with water. They may then be recycled or reconditioned, or punctured and disposed
of in a sanitary landfill, or by other procedures approved by state and local authorities. Rinsate may be disposed
of in a sanitary landfill by pouring it out onto the ground or by other approved procedures. It is also permissible to
remove lids and expose empty flasks to atmospheric conditions until residue in the flasks is reacted. In this case
puncture and dispose of in a sanitary landfill or other approved site, or by other procedures approved by state and
local authorities.
If properly exposed, the residual dust remaining after fumigation with FUMITOXIN will be a grayish-white powder.
This will be a non hazardous waste and contain only a small amount of unreacted aluminum phosphide. However,
residual dust from incompletely exposed FUMITOXIN (so called green dust) requires special care.
28.2 DIRECTIONS FOR DEACTIVATION OF PARTIALLY SPENT RESIDUAL DUST FROM FUMITOXIN
Partially spent dust must be deactivated further prior to ultimate disposal. This is especially true in cases of incom-
plete exposure that has resulted in so-called 鈥済reen dust鈥? or following a fumigation that has produced large quan-
tities of partially spent material.
Residual dust from FUMITOXIN may be deactivated as follows using the 鈥淲et Method.鈥?
Deactivating solution is prepared by adding the appropriate amount of low sudsing detergent or surface-active
agent to water in a drum or other suitable container. A 2% solution (or 4 cups in 30 gallons) of detergent is sug-
gested. The container should be filled with deactivating solution to within a few inches of the top.
Residual dust is poured slowly into the deactivating solution and stirred so as to thoroughly wet all of the particles.
This should be done in the open air and not in the fumigated structure. Dust from FUMITOXIN tablets or pellets
should be mixed into no less than about 10 gallons of water-detergent solution for each case of material used.
Wear appropriate respiratory protection during wet deactivation of partially spent dust. Do not cover the container
being used for wet deactivation.
27
Dispose of the deactivated dust-water suspension, with or without preliminary decanting, at a sanitary landfill or
other suitable site approved by local authorities. Where permissible, the slurry may be poured out onto the ground.
If the slurry has been held for 36 hours or more, it may be poured into a storm sewer.
Caution: Wear a NIOSH/MSHA approved full-face gas mask - phosphine canister combination if exposed to lev-
els between 0.3 ppm to 15 ppm or a Self Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA) if exposure is unknown or above
15 ppm during wet deactivation of partially spent material. Do not cover the container being used for wet deacti-
vation. Do not dispose of FUMITOXIN dust in a toilet.
Residual dust from FUMITOXIN may also be deactivated as follows using the 鈥淒ry Method.鈥?
Extension of the fumigation period is the simplest method for further deactivation of 鈥済reen鈥? or partially spent dust
prior to ultimate disposal.
Small amounts of partially spent dust, from 2 to 3 kg (4 to 7 lbs.) may be further deactivated by storage in a 1-gal-
lon bucket. Larger amounts of dust (about 11 kg or 25 lbs.) may be held for deactivation in porous cloth bags
(burlap, cotton, etc.). Caution: Transport these bags in open vehicles. Do not pile up the bags. Do not store 鈥済reen
dust鈥? in bags.
28.3 Directions for Disposal Of Residual Dust From FUMITOXIN
Confinement of partially spent residual dust (as in a closed container) or collection and storage of large quantities
of dust may result in a fire hazard. Small amounts of phosphine may be given off from unreacted aluminum phos-
phide and confinement of the gas may result in a flash.
In open areas, small amounts of residual dust, up to about 5 to 8 kg may be disposed of on site by burial or by
spreading over the land surface away from inhabited buildings.
Spent residual dust from FUMITOXIN may also be collected and disposed of at a sanitary landfill, incinerator or
other approved sites or by other procedures approved by Federal, State or Local authorities. 鈥淕reen dust鈥? must be
further deactivated before disposal at a landfill.
From 2 to 3 kg (4 to 7 lbs.) of spent dust from 2 to 3 flasks of FUMITOXIN may be collected for disposal in a 1-gal-
lon bucket. Larger amounts, up to about one-half case, may be collected in burlap, cotton or other types of porous
cloth bags for transportation in an open vehicle to the disposal site. Do not collect dust from more than 7 flasks of
tablets or 10 flasks of pellets (about 11 kg or 25 lbs.) in a single bag. Do not pile cloth bags together. Do not use
this method for partially spent or 鈥済reen鈥? dust.
Caution: Do not collect dust in large drums, dumpsters, plastic bags or other containers where confine-
ment may occur.
29. SPILL AND LEAK PROCEDURES
29.1 General Precautions and Directions
A spill, other than incidental to application or normal handling, may produce high levels of gas and, therefore,
attending personnel must wear SCBA or its equivalent when the concentration of phosphine gas is unknown. Other
NIOSH/MSHA approved respiratory protection may be worn if the concentration is known. Do not use water at any
time to clean up a spill of FUMITOXIN. Water in contact with unreacted tablets or pellets will greatly accelerate the
production of phosphine gas that could result in a toxic and/or fire hazard. Wear dry gloves of cotton or other mate-
rial when handling aluminum phosphide.
Return all intact aluminum flasks to fiberboard cases or other packaging which has been suitably constructed and
marked according to DOT regulations. Notify consignee and shipper of damaged cases.
If aluminum flasks have been punctured or damaged so as to leak, the container may be temporarily repaired with
aluminum tape or the FUMITOXIN may be transferred from the damaged flask to a sound metal container, which
should be sealed and properly labeled as aluminum phosphide. Transport the damaged containers to an area suit-
28
able for pesticide storage for inspection. Further instructions and recommendations may be obtained, if required,
from PESTCON SYSTEMS, INC. If a spill has occurred which is only a few minutes old, collect the tablets and pel-
lets and place them back into the original flasks, if they are intact , and stopper tightly. Place the collected tablets
and pellets in a sound metal container if the original flasks are damaged. Caution: these flasks may flash upon
opening at some later time.
If the age of the spill is unknown or if the tablets and pellets have been contaminated with soil, debris, water, etc.,
gather up the spillage and place it into small open buckets having a capacity no larger than about 1 gallon. Do not
add more than about one flask of spilled material, 1 to 1.5 kg (2 to 3 lbs.), to the bucket. If on-site, wet deactiva-
tion is not feasible, these open containers should be transported in open vehicles to a suitable area. Wet deacti-
vation may then be carried out as described in 29.2. Alternatively, small amounts of spillage from 4 to 5 flasks (4
to 8 kg, 9 to 18 lbs.) may be spread out in an open area away from inhabited buildings to be deactivated by atmos-
pheric moisture.
29.2 Directions for Deactivation by the Wet Method
If the contaminated material is not to be held until completely reacted by exposure to atmospheric moisture, deac-
tivate the product by the 鈥淲et Method鈥? as follows:
Deactivating solution is prepared by adding low sudsing detergent or surface-active agent to water in a drum or
other suitable container. A 2% solution or 4 cups in 30 gallons is suggested. The container should be filled with
deactivating solution to within a few inches of the top.
The tablets or pellets should be poured slowly into the deactivating solution and stirred so as to thoroughly wet all
of the FUMITOXIN. This should be done in the open air. FUMITOXIN tablets or pellets should be mixed into no less
than about 15 gallons of water-detergent solution for each case of material. Wear appropriate respiratory protec-
tion during wet deactivation.
Allow the mixture to stand, with occasional stirring, for about 36 hours. The resultant slurry will then be safe for dis-
posal. Dispose of the slurry of deactivated material, with or without preliminary decanting, at a sanitary landfill or
other suitable site approved by local authorities. Where permissible, this slurry may be poured into a storm sewer
or out onto the ground.
Caution: If worker protection standards will be exceeded during wet deactivation of unexposed or incompletely
exposed FUMITOXIN, NIOSH/MSHA approved respiratory protection must be worn. Wear a full-face gas mask -
phosphine canister combination if exposed to levels between 0.3 ppm to 15 ppm or a Self-Contained Breathing
Apparatus (SCBA) if exposure is unknown or above 15 ppm. Never place tablets, pellets, or dust in a closed con-
tainer such as a dumpster, sealed drum, plastic bag, etc., as flammable concentrations and a flash of phosphine
gas are likely to develop.
FOR ASSISTANCE, CONTACT: PESTCON SYSTEMS, INC.
1808 FIRESTONE PARKWAY
WILSON, NC 27893
PHONE: (252) 237-7923/1-800-548-2778
FAX: 252-237-3259
INTERNET: www.pestcon.com
or
CHEMTREC (800) 424-9300
CLASSIFIED BY UNDERWRITERS LABORATORIES, INC., AS TO FIRE HAZARD ONLY WHEN USED SPECIF-
ICALLY AS DIRECTED IN THE MANUFACTURER鈥橲 INSTRUCTIONS. FUMITOXIN庐 TABLETS AND PELLETS
ARE NON COMBUSTIBLE, BUT EXPOSURE TO MOIST AIR OR WATER RELEASES FLAMMABLE AND TOXIC
PHOSPHINE (HYDROGEN PHOSPHIDE) GAS. SPONTANEOUS IGNITION MAY RESULT IF CONTACTED BY
WATER, ACIDS, OR CHEMICALS.
5857-2-04
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