NULON LEAD SUBSTITUTE
Chemwatch Material Safety Data Sheet
Issue Date: 15-Mar-2008 CHEMWATCH 4957-29
NC317ECP Version No:4
CD 2008/1 Page 1 of 21
Section 1 - CHEMICAL PRODUCT AND COMPANY IDENTIFICATION
PRODUCT NAME
NULON LEAD SUBSTITUTE
SYNONYMS
"Part Number: LS"
PRODUCT USE
Lead Substitute.
SUPPLIER
Company: Nulon Products Australia Pty Ltd
Address:
17 Yulong Close
Moorebank
NSW, 2170
AUS
Telephone: +61 2 9986 7800
Fax: +61 2 9601 4700
Section 2 - HAZARDS IDENTIFICATION
STATEMENT OF HAZARDOUS NATURE
HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCE. NON-DANGEROUS GOODS. According to the Criteria of
NOHSC, and the ADG Code.
POISONS SCHEDULE
None
RISK SAFETY
In use may form flammable/explosive vapour- Wear suitable protective clothing.
air mixture.
Irritating to skin. To clean the floor and all objects
contaminated by this material use water and
detergent.
Harmful: danger of serious damage to health Keep away from food drink and animal
by prolonged exposure through inhalation. feeding stuffs.
HARMFUL - May cause lung damage if If swallowed IMMEDIATELY contact Doctor or
swallowed. Poisons Information Centre (show this
container or label).
Section 3 - COMPOSITION / INFORMATION ON INGREDIENTS
NAME CAS RN %
base oil, as
mineral oil Not avail. >60
butene/ isobutylene copolymer 9044-17-1 10-30
potassium carboxylate 10-30
kerosene 8008-20-6 0-20
solvent naphtha petroleum, medium aliphatic 64742-88-7 0-10
1, 2, 4- trimethyl benzene 95-63-6 0-1
continued...
NULON LEAD SUBSTITUTE
Chemwatch Material Safety Data Sheet
Issue Date: 15-Mar-2008 CHEMWATCH 4957-29
NC317ECP Version No:4
CD 2008/1 Page 2 of 21
Section 3 - COMPOSITION / INFORMATION ON INGREDIENTS
Section 4 - FIRST AID MEASURES
SWALLOWED
路 If swallowed do NOT induce vomiting.
路 If vomiting occurs, lean patient forward or place on left side (head-down position, if
possible) to maintain open airway and prevent aspiration.
路 Observe the patient carefully.
路 Never give liquid to a person showing signs of being sleepy or with reduced awareness;
i.e. becoming unconscious.
路 Give water to rinse out mouth, then provide liquid slowly and as much as casualty can
comfortably drink.
路 Seek medical advice.
Avoid giving milk or oils.
Avoid giving alcohol.
路 If spontaneous vomiting appears imminent or occurs, hold patient's head down, lower
than their hips to help avoid possible aspiration of vomitus.
EYE
If this product comes in contact with the eyes:
路 Wash out immediately with fresh running water.
路 Ensure complete irrigation of the eye by keeping eyelids apart and away from eye and
moving the eyelids by occasionally lifting the upper and lower lids.
路 If pain persists or recurs seek medical attention.
路 Removal of contact lenses after an eye injury should only be undertaken by skilled
personnel.
SKIN
If skin contact occurs:
路 Immediately remove all contaminated clothing, including footwear.
路 Flush skin and hair with running water (and soap if available).
路 Seek medical attention in event of irritation.
INHALED
路 If fumes or combustion products are inhaled remove from contaminated area.
路 Lay patient down. Keep warm and rested.
路 Prostheses such as false teeth, which may block airway, should be removed, where
possible, prior to initiating first aid procedures.
路 Apply artificial respiration if not breathing, preferably with a demand valve
resuscitator, bag-valve mask device, or pocket mask as trained. Perform CPR if necessary.
路 Transport to hospital, or doctor.
NOTES TO PHYSICIAN
Any material aspirated during vomiting may produce lung injury. Therefore emesis should
not be induced mechanically or pharmacologically. Mechanical means should be used if it
is considered necessary to evacuate the stomach contents; these include gastric lavage
after endotracheal intubation. If spontaneous vomiting has occurred after ingestion, the
patient should be monitored for difficult breathing, as adverse effects of aspiration
into the lungs may be delayed up to 48 hours.
For acute or short term repeated exposures to petroleum distillates or related
hydrocarbons:
路 Primary threat to life, from pure petroleum distillate ingestion and/or inhalation, is
respiratory failure.
路 Patients should be quickly evaluated for signs of respiratory distress (e.g. cyanosis,
tachypnoea, intercostal retraction, obtundation) and given oxygen. Patients with
inadequate tidal volumes or poor arterial blood gases (pO2 50 mm Hg) should be intubated.
路 Arrhythmias complicate some hydrocarbon ingestion and/or inhalation and
continued...
NULON LEAD SUBSTITUTE
Chemwatch Material Safety Data Sheet
Issue Date: 15-Mar-2008 CHEMWATCH 4957-29
NC317ECP Version No:4
CD 2008/1 Page 3 of 21
Section 4 - FIRST AID MEASURES
electrocardiographic evidence of myocardial injury has been reported; intravenous lines
and cardiac monitors should be established in obviously symptomatic patients. The lungs
excrete inhaled solvents, so that hyperventilation improves clearance.
路 A chest x-ray should be taken immediately after stabilisation of breathing and
circulation to document aspiration and detect the presence of pneumothorax.
路 Epinephrine (adrenalin) is not recommended for treatment of bronchospasm because of
potential myocardial sensitisation to catecholamines. Inhaled cardioselective
bronchodilators (e.g. Alupent, Salbutamol) are the preferred agents, with aminophylline a
second choice.
路 Lavage is indicated in patients who require decontamination; ensure use of cuffed
endotracheal tube in adult patients. [Ellenhorn and Barceloux: Medical Toxicology].
Treat symptomatically.
路 Heavy and persistent skin contamination over many years may lead to dysplastic changes.
Pre-existing skin disorders may be aggravated by exposure to this product.
路 In general, emesis induction is unnecessary with high viscosity, low volatility
products, i.e. most oils and greases.
路 High pressure accidental injection through the skin should be assessed for possible
incision, irrigation and/or debridement.
NOTE: Injuries may not seem serious at first, but within a few hours tissue may become
swollen, discoloured and extremely painful with extensive subcutaneous necrosis. Product
may be forced through considerable distances along tissue planes.
Section 5 - FIRE FIGHTING MEASURES
EXTINGUISHING MEDIA
路 Foam.
路 Dry chemical powder.
路 BCF (where regulations permit).
路 Carbon dioxide.
路 Water spray or fog - Large fires only.
FIRE FIGHTING
路 Alert Fire Brigade and tell them location and nature of hazard.
路 Wear full body protective clothing with breathing apparatus.
路 Prevent, by any means available, spillage from entering drains or water course.
路 Use water delivered as a fine spray to control fire and cool adjacent area.
路 Avoid spraying water onto liquid pools.
路 DO NOT approach containers suspected to be hot.
路 Cool fire exposed containers with water spray from a protected location.
路 If safe to do so, remove containers from path of fire.
FIRE/EXPLOSION HAZARD
WARNING: In use may form flammable/ explosive vapour-air mixtures.
路 Combustible.
路 Slight fire hazard when exposed to heat or flame.
路 Heating may cause expansion or decomposition leading to violent rupture of containers.
路 On combustion, may emit toxic fumes of carbon monoxide (CO).
路 May emit acrid smoke.
路 Mists containing combustible materials may be explosive.
Combustion products include: carbon dioxide (CO2), sulfur oxides (SOx), other pyrolysis
products typical of burning organic material.
May emit poisonous fumes.
May emit corrosive fumes.
FIRE INCOMPATIBILITY
路 Avoid contamination with oxidising agents i.e. nitrates, oxidising acids, chlorine
continued...
NULON LEAD SUBSTITUTE
Chemwatch Material Safety Data Sheet
Issue Date: 15-Mar-2008 CHEMWATCH 4957-29
NC317ECP Version No:4
CD 2008/1 Page 4 of 21
Section 5 - FIRE FIGHTING MEASURES
bleaches, pool chlorine etc. as ignition may result.
HAZCHEM: None
Section 6 - ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES
EMERGENCY PROCEDURES
MINOR SPILLS
Slippery when spilt.
路 Remove all ignition sources.
路 Clean up all spills immediately.
路 Avoid breathing vapours and contact with skin and eyes.
路 Control personal contact by using protective equipment.
路 Contain and absorb spill with sand, earth, inert material or vermiculite.
路 Wipe up.
路 Place in a suitable labelled container for waste disposal.
MAJOR SPILLS
Chemical Class: aliphatic hydrocarbons
For release onto land: recommended sorbents listed in order of priority.
SORBENT TYPE RANK APPLICATION COLLECTION LIMITATIONS
LAND SPILL - SMALL
cross- linked 1 shovel shovel R, W, SS
polymer -
particulate
cross- linked 1 throw pitchfork R, DGC, RT
polymer - pillow
wood fiber - 2 throw pitchfork R, P, DGC, RT
pillow
treated wood 2 throw pitchfork DGC, RT
fibre- pillow
sorbent clay - 3 shovel shovel R, I, P
particulate
foamed glass - 3 throw pitchfork R, P, DGC, RT
pillow
LAND SPILL - MEDIUM
cross- linked 1 blower skiploader R, W, SS
polymer -
particulate
cross- linked 2 throw skiploader R, DGC, RT
polymer - pillow
sorbent clay - 3 blower skiploader R, I, P
particulate
continued...
NULON LEAD SUBSTITUTE
Chemwatch Material Safety Data Sheet
Issue Date: 15-Mar-2008 CHEMWATCH 4957-29
NC317ECP Version No:4
CD 2008/1 Page 5 of 21
Section 6 - ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES
polypropylene - 3 blower skiploader W, SS, DGC
particulate
expanded mineral 4 blower skiploader R, I, W, P, DGC
- particulate
polypropylene - 4 throw skiploader DGC, RT
mat
Legend
DGC: Not effective where ground cover is dense
R; Not reusable
I: Not incinerable
P: Effectiveness reduced when rainy
RT:Not effective where terrain is rugged
SS: Not for use within environmentally sensitive sites
W: Effectiveness reduced when windy
Reference: Sorbents for Liquid Hazardous Substance Cleanup and Control;
R.W Melvold et al: Pollution Technology Review No. 150: Noyes Data Corporation 1988.
Slippery when spilt.
Moderate hazard.
路 Clear area of personnel and move upwind.
路 Alert Fire Brigade and tell them location and nature of hazard.
路 Wear breathing apparatus plus protective gloves.
路 Prevent, by any means available, spillage from entering drains or water course.
路 No smoking, naked lights or ignition sources.
路 Increase ventilation.
路 Stop leak if safe to do so.
路 Contain spill with sand, earth or vermiculite.
路 Collect recoverable product into labelled containers for recycling.
路 Absorb remaining product with sand, earth or vermiculite.
路 Collect solid residues and seal in labelled drums for disposal.
路 Wash area and prevent runoff into drains.
路 If contamination of drains or waterways occurs, advise emergency services.
Personal Protective Equipment advice is contained in Section 8 of the MSDS.
Section 7 - HANDLING AND STORAGE
PROCEDURE FOR HANDLING
路 Containers, even those that have been emptied, may contain explosive vapours.
路 Do NOT cut, drill, grind, weld or perform similar operations on or near containers.
路 DO NOT allow clothing wet with material to stay in contact with skin.
路 Electrostatic discharge may be generated during pumping - this may result in fire.
路 Ensure electrical continuity by bonding and grounding (earthing) all equipment.
路 Restrict line velocity during pumping in order to avoid generation of electrostatic
discharge (<=1 m/sec until fill pipe submerged to twice its diameter, then <= 7 m/sec).
路 Avoid splash filling.
路 Do NOT use compressed air for filling discharging or handling operations.
路 Avoid all personal contact, including inhalation.
路 Wear protective clothing when risk of exposure occurs.
路 Use in a well-ventilated area.
路 Prevent concentration in hollows and sumps.
路 DO NOT enter confined spaces until atmosphere has been checked.
路 Avoid smoking, naked lights or ignition sources.
continued...
NULON LEAD SUBSTITUTE
Chemwatch Material Safety Data Sheet
Issue Date: 15-Mar-2008 CHEMWATCH 4957-29
NC317ECP Version No:4
CD 2008/1 Page 6 of 21
Section 7 - HANDLING AND STORAGE
路 Avoid contact with incompatible materials.
路 When handling, DO NOT eat, drink or smoke.
路 Keep containers securely sealed when not in use.
路 Avoid physical damage to containers.
路 Always wash hands with soap and water after handling.
路 Work clothes should be laundered separately.
路 Use good occupational work practice.
路 Observe manufacturer's storing and handling recommendations.
路 Atmosphere should be regularly checked against established exposure standards to
ensure safe working conditions.
SUITABLE CONTAINER
路 Metal can or drum
路 Packaging as recommended by manufacturer.
路 Check all containers are clearly labelled and free from leaks.
STORAGE INCOMPATIBILITY
CARE: Water in contact with heated material may cause foaming or a steam explosion with
possible severe burns from wide scattering of hot material. Resultant overflow of
containers may result in fire.
路 Avoid reaction with oxidising agents.
STORAGE REQUIREMENTS
路 Store in original containers.
路 Keep containers securely sealed.
路 No smoking, naked lights or ignition sources.
路 Store in a cool, dry, well-ventilated area.
路 Store away from incompatible materials and foodstuff containers.
路 Protect containers against physical damage and check regularly for leaks.
路 Observe manufacturer's storing and handling recommendations.
Section 8 - EXPOSURE CONTROLS / PERSONAL PROTECTION
EXPOSURE CONTROLS
The following materials had no OELs on our records
鈥? butene/ isobutylene copolymer: CAS:9044- 17- 1 CAS:26938- 45- 4
鈥? kerosene: CAS:8008- 20- 6
鈥? solvent naphtha petroleum, medium CAS:64742- 88- 7
aliphatic:
鈥? 1, 2, 4- trimethyl benzene: CAS:95- 63- 6
MATERIAL DATA
Sensory irritants are chemicals that produce temporary and undesirable side-effects on
the eyes, nose or throat. Historically occupational exposure standards for these
irritants have been based on observation of workers' responses to various airborne
concentrations. Present day expectations require that nearly every individual should be
protected against even minor sensory irritation and exposure standards are established
using uncertainty factors or safety factors of 5 to 10 or more. On occasion animal no-
observable-effect-levels (NOEL) are used to determine these limits where human results
are unavailable. An additional approach, typically used by the TLV committee (USA) in
determining respiratory standards for this group of chemicals, has been to assign ceiling
values (TLV C) to rapidly acting irritants and to assign short-term exposure limits (TLV
STELs) when the weight of evidence from irritation, bioaccumulation and other endpoints
combine to warrant such a limit. In contrast the MAK Commission (Germany) uses a five-
category system based on intensive odour, local irritation, and elimination half-life.
continued...
NULON LEAD SUBSTITUTE
Chemwatch Material Safety Data Sheet
Issue Date: 15-Mar-2008 CHEMWATCH 4957-29
NC317ECP Version No:4
CD 2008/1 Page 7 of 21
Section 8 - EXPOSURE CONTROLS / PERSONAL PROTECTION
However this system is being replaced to be consistent with the European Union (EU)
Scientific Committee for Occupational Exposure Limits (SCOEL); this is more closely
allied to that of the USA.
OSHA (USA) concluded that exposure to sensory irritants can:
路 cause inflammation
路 cause increased susceptibility to other irritants and infectious agents
路 lead to permanent injury or dysfunction
路 permit greater absorption of hazardous substances and
路 acclimate the worker to the irritant warning properties of these substances thus
increasing the risk of overexposure.
INGREDIENT DATA
1,2,4-TRIMETHYL BENZENE:
KEROSENE:
SOLVENT NAPHTHA PETROLEUM, MEDIUM ALIPHATIC:
Sensory irritants are chemicals that produce temporary and undesirable side-effects on
the eyes, nose or throat. Historically occupational exposure standards for these
irritants have been based on observation of workers' responses to various airborne
concentrations. Present day expectations require that nearly every individual should be
protected against even minor sensory irritation and exposure standards are established
using uncertainty factors or safety factors of 5 to 10 or more. On occasion animal no-
observable-effect-levels (NOEL) are used to determine these limits where human results
are unavailable. An additional approach, typically used by the TLV committee (USA) in
determining respiratory standards for this group of chemicals, has been to assign ceiling
values (TLV C) to rapidly acting irritants and to assign short-term exposure limits (TLV
STELs) when the weight of evidence from irritation, bioaccumulation and other endpoints
combine to warrant such a limit. In contrast the MAK Commission (Germany) uses a five-
category system based on intensive odour, local irritation, and elimination half-life.
However this system is being replaced to be consistent with the European Union (EU)
Scientific Committee for Occupational Exposure Limits (SCOEL); this is more closely
allied to that of the USA.
OSHA (USA) concluded that exposure to sensory irritants can:
路 cause inflammation
路 cause increased susceptibility to other irritants and infectious agents
路 lead to permanent injury or dysfunction
路 permit greater absorption of hazardous substances and
路 acclimate the worker to the irritant warning properties of these substances thus
increasing the risk of overexposure.
KEROSENE:
SOLVENT NAPHTHA PETROLEUM, MEDIUM ALIPHATIC:
Odour threshold: 0.25 ppm.
The TLV-TWA is protective against ocular and upper respiratory tract irritation and is
recommended for bulk handling of gasoline based on calculations of hydrocarbon content of
gasoline vapour. A STEL is recommended to prevent mucous membrane and ocular irritation
and prevention of acute depression of the central nervous system. Because of the wide
variation in molecular weights of its components, the conversion of ppm to mg/m3 is
approximate. Sweden recommends hexane type limits of 100 ppm and heptane and octane type
limits of 300 ppm. Germany does not assign a value because of the widely differing
compositions and resultant differences in toxic properties.
Odour Safety Factor(OSF)
OSF=0.042 (gasoline).
MINERAL OIL:
ES TWA: 5 mg/m3 refined mineral oil mist
Human exposure to oil mist alone has not been demonstrated to cause health effects
except at levels above 5 mg/m3 (this applies to particulates sampled by a method that
does not collect vapour). It is not advisable to apply this standard to oils containing
unknown concentrations and types of additive.
continued...
NULON LEAD SUBSTITUTE
Chemwatch Material Safety Data Sheet
Issue Date: 15-Mar-2008 CHEMWATCH 4957-29
NC317ECP Version No:4
CD 2008/1 Page 8 of 21
Section 8 - EXPOSURE CONTROLS / PERSONAL PROTECTION
BUTENE/ ISOBUTYLENE COPOLYMER:
No exposure limits set by NOHSC or ACGIH.
SOLVENT NAPHTHA PETROLEUM, MEDIUM ALIPHATIC:
NOTE L: The classification as a carcinogen need not apply if it can be shown that the
substance contains less than 3% DMSO extract as measured by IP 346. European Union (EU)
List of Dangerous Substances (Annex I) - up to the 29th ATP.
CEL TWA: 100 ppm, 525 mg/m3 [Manufacturer]
1,2,4-TRIMETHYL BENZENE:
trimethyl benzene as mixed isomers (of unstated proportions)
ES TWA: 25 ppm, 123 mg/m3
TLV TWA: 25 ppm, 123 mg/m3
OES TWA: 25 ppm, 125 mg/m3
Odour Threshold Value: 2.4 ppm (detection)
Use care in interpreting effects as a single isomer or other isomer mix.
Trimethylbenzene is an eye, nose and respiratory irritant. High
concentrations cause central nervous system depression. Exposed workers
show CNS changes, asthmatic bronchitis and blood dyscrasias at 60 ppm. The
TLV-TWA is thought to be protective against the significant risk of CNS
excitation, asthmatic bronchitis and blood dyscrasias associated with
exposures above the limit.
PERSONAL PROTECTION
EYE
路 Safety glasses with side shields.
路 Chemical goggles.
路 Contact lenses may pose a special hazard; soft contact lenses may absorb and
concentrate irritants. A written policy document, describing the wearing of lens or
restrictions on use, should be created for each workplace or task. This should include a
review of lens absorption and adsorption for the class of chemicals in use and an account
of injury experience. Medical and first-aid personnel should be trained in their removal
and suitable equipment should be readily available. In the event of chemical exposure,
begin eye irrigation immediately and remove contact lens as soon as practicable. Lens
should be removed at the first signs of eye redness or irritation - lens should be
removed in a clean environment only after workers have washed hands thoroughly. [CDC
NIOSH Current Intelligence Bulletin 59].
HANDS/FEET
路 Wear chemical protective gloves, eg. PVC.
路 Wear safety footwear or safety gumboots, eg. Rubber.
Suitability and durability of glove type is dependent on usage. Factors such as:
路 frequency and duration of contact,
路 chemical resistance of glove material,
路 glove thickness and
路 dexterity,
are important in the selection of gloves.
OTHER
路 Overalls.
路 P.V.C. apron.
路 Barrier cream.
路 Skin cleansing cream.
路 Eye wash unit.
continued...
NULON LEAD SUBSTITUTE
Chemwatch Material Safety Data Sheet
Issue Date: 15-Mar-2008 CHEMWATCH 4957-29
NC317ECP Version No:4
CD 2008/1 Page 9 of 21
Section 8 - EXPOSURE CONTROLS / PERSONAL PROTECTION
RESPIRATOR
Respiratory protection may be required when ANY "Worst Case" vapour-phase concentration
is exceeded (see Computer Prediction in "Exposure Standards").
Protection Factor Half- Face Respirator Full- Face Respirator
10 x ES A- - AUS -
A- - PAPR- AUS
50 x ES Air- line* -
100 x ES - A- - 3
100+ x ES - Air- line**
* - Continuous-flow; ** - Continuous-flow or positive pressure demand
^ - Full-face.
The local concentration of material, quantity and conditions of use determine the type of
personal protective equipment required.
For further information consult site specific
CHEMWATCH data (if available), or your
Occupational Health and Safety Advisor.
ENGINEERING CONTROLS
Local exhaust ventilation usually required. If risk of overexposure exists, wear approved
respirator. Correct fit is essential to obtain adequate protection. Supplied-air type
respirator may be required in special circumstances. Correct fit is essential to ensure
adequate protection.
An approved self contained breathing apparatus (SCBA) may be required in some situations.
Provide adequate ventilation in warehouse or closed storage area.
Section 9 - PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
APPEARANCE
Honey coloured liquid with an oil solvent odour; does not mix with water
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
Liquid.
Does not mix with water.
Molecular Weight: Not Applicable Boiling Range (掳 Not Av ailable
C):
Melting Range (掳 Not Available
C): Specific Gravity (water= 1): Not Available
Solubility in water (g/L): Immiscible pH (as supplied): Not Applicable
pH (1% solution): Not Applicable Vapour Pressure (kPa): Not Available
Volatile Component (%vol): Not Available Evaporation Rate: Not Available
Relative Vapour Density (air=1): Not Flash Point (掳 Not A pplicable
C):
Available
Lower Explosive Limit (%): Not Applicable Upper Explosive Limit (%): Not Applicable
Autoignition Temp (掳 Not Applicable
C): Decomposition Temp (掳 Not Available
C):
State: Liquid Viscosity: Not Available
Section 10 - CHEMICAL STABILITY AND REACTIVITY INFORMATION
CONDITIONS CONTRIBUTING TO INSTABILITY
路 Presence of incompatible materials.
路 Product is considered stable.
路 Hazardous polymerisation will not occur.
continued...
NULON LEAD SUBSTITUTE
Chemwatch Material Safety Data Sheet
Issue Date: 15-Mar-2008 CHEMWATCH 4957-29
NC317ECP Version No:4
CD 2008/1 Page 10 of 21
Section 11 - TOXICOLOGICAL INFORMATION
POTENTIAL HEALTH EFFECTS
ACUTE HEALTH EFFECTS
SWALLOWED
Accidental ingestion of the material may be damaging to the health of the individual.
Ingestion of petroleum hydrocarbons can irritate the pharynx, oesophagus, stomach and
small intestine, and cause swellings and ulcers of the mucous. Symptoms include a burning
mouth and throat; larger amounts can cause nausea and vomiting, narcosis, weakness,
dizziness, slow and shallow breathing, abdominal swelling, unconsciousness and
convulsions. Damage to the heart muscle can produce heart beat irregularities,
ventricular fibrillation (fatal) and ECG changes. The central nervous system can be
depressed. Light species can cause a sharp tingling of the tongue and cause loss of
sensation there. Aspiration can cause cough, gagging, pneumonia with swelling and
bleeding.
Considered an unlikely route of entry in commercial/industrial environments. The liquid
may produce gastrointestinal discomfort and may be harmful if swallowed. Ingestion may
result in nausea, pain and vomiting. Vomit entering the lungs by aspiration may cause
potentially lethal chemical pneumonitis.
EYE
There is some evidence to suggest that this material can cause eye irritation and damage
in some persons.
SKIN
This material can cause inflammation of the skin on
contact in some persons.
The material may accentuate any pre-existing dermatitis condition.
Entry into the blood-stream, through, for example, cuts, abrasions or lesions, may
produce systemic injury with harmful effects. Examine the skin prior to the use of the
material and ensure that any external damage is suitably protected.
INHALED
Inhalation of vapours or aerosols (mists, fumes), generated by the material during the
course of normal handling, may be damaging to the health of the individual.
There is some evidence to suggest that the material can cause respiratory irritation in
some persons. The body's response to such irritation can cause further lung damage.
Inhalation hazard is increased at higher temperatures.
Inhalation of oil droplets or aerosols may cause discomfort and may produce chemical
inflammation of the lungs.
Inhalation of high concentrations of gas/vapour causes lung irritation with coughing and
nausea, central nervous depression with headache and dizziness, slowing of reflexes,
fatigue and inco-ordination.
CHRONIC HEALTH EFFECTS
Harmful: danger of serious damage to health by prolonged exposure through inhalation.
This material can cause serious damage if one is exposed to it for long periods. It can
be assumed that it contains a substance which can produce severe defects. This has been
demonstrated via both short- and long-term experimentation.
Based on experience with animal studies, exposure to the material may result in toxic
effects to the development of the foetus, at levels which do not cause significant toxic
effects to the mother.
There has been some concern that this material can cause cancer or mutations but there is
not enough data to make an assessment.
Substance accumulation, in the human body, may occur and may cause some concern following
repeated or long-term occupational exposure.
continued...
NULON LEAD SUBSTITUTE
Chemwatch Material Safety Data Sheet
Issue Date: 15-Mar-2008 CHEMWATCH 4957-29
NC317ECP Version No:4
CD 2008/1 Page 11 of 21
Section 11 - TOXICOLOGICAL INFORMATION
Oil may contact the skin or be inhaled. Extended exposure can lead to eczema,
inflammation of hair follicles, pigmentation of the face and warts on the soles of the
feet. Exposure to oil mists can cause asthma, pneumonia and scarring of the lungs. Oils
have been linked to cancer of the skin and scrotum. Compounds that are less viscous and
with smaller molecular weights are more dangerous. There may be liver damage and the
lymph nodes may be affected; heart inflammation can also occur at high doses.
Constant or exposure over long periods to mixed hydrocarbons may produce stupor with
dizziness, weakness and visual disturbance, weight loss and anaemia, and reduced liver
and kidney function. Skin exposure may result in drying and cracking and redness of the
skin. Chronic exposure to lighter hydrocarbons can cause nerve damage, peripheral
neuropathy, bone marrow dysfunction and psychiatric disorders as well as damage the liver
and kidneys.
TOXICITY AND IRRITATION
Not available. Refer to individual constituents.
MINERAL OIL:
unless otherwise specified data extracted from RTECS - Register of Toxic Effects of
Chemical Substances.
Toxicity and Irritation data for petroleum-based mineral oils are related to chemical
components and vary as does the composition and source of the original crude.
A small but definite risk of occupational skin cancer occurs in workers exposed to
persistent skin contamination by oils over a period of years. This risk has been
attributed to the presence of certain polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) (typified by
benz[a]pyrene).
Petroleum oils which are solvent refined/extracted or severely hydrotreated, contain very
low concentrations of both.
BUTENE/ ISOBUTYLENE COPOLYMER:
No significant acute toxicological data identified in literature search.
KEROSENE:
unless otherwise specified data extracted from RTECS - Register of Toxic Effects of
Chemical Substances.
TOXICITY IRRITATION
Oral (man) LDLo: 500 mg/kg Skin (rabbit): 500 mg SEVERE
Oral (man) TDLo: 3570 mg/kg
Oral (rat) LD50: >5000 mg/kg
Inhalation (rat) LC50: >5000 mg/m鲁/4h
The material may cause severe skin irritation after prolonged or repeated exposure and
may produce on contact skin redness, swelling, the production of vesicles, scaling and
thickening of the skin. Repeated exposures may produce severe ulceration.
Lifetime exposure of rodents to gasoline produces carcinogenicity although the relevance
to humans has been questioned. Gasoline induces kidney cancer in male rats as a
consequence of accumulation of the alpha2-microglobulin protein in hyaline droplets in
the male (but not female) rat kidney. Such abnormal accumulation represents lysosomal
overload and leads to chronic renal tubular cell degeneration, accumulation of cell
debris, mineralisation of renal medullary tubules and necrosis. A sustained regenerative
proliferation occurs in epithelial cells with subsequent neoplastic transformation with
continued exposure. The alpha2-microglobulin is produced under the influence of hormonal
controls in male rats but not in females and, more importantly, not in humans.
SOLVENT NAPHTHA PETROLEUM, MEDIUM ALIPHATIC:
unless otherwise specified data extracted from RTECS - Register of Toxic Effects of
Chemical Substances.
TOXICITY IRRITATION
Oral (rat) LD50: >25 ml/kg Nil Reported
Dermal (rabbit) LD50: >4 ml/kg [CCINFO]
The material may produce severe irritation to the eye causing pronounced inflammation.
continued...
NULON LEAD SUBSTITUTE
Chemwatch Material Safety Data Sheet
Issue Date: 15-Mar-2008 CHEMWATCH 4957-29
NC317ECP Version No:4
CD 2008/1 Page 12 of 21
Section 11 - TOXICOLOGICAL INFORMATION
Repeated or prolonged exposure to irritants may produce conjunctivitis.
The material may cause skin irritation after prolonged or repeated exposure and may
produce on contact skin redness, swelling, the production of vesicles, scaling and
thickening of the skin.
Lifetime exposure of rodents to gasoline produces carcinogenicity although the relevance
to humans has been questioned. Gasoline induces kidney cancer in male rats as a
consequence of accumulation of the alpha2-microglobulin protein in hyaline droplets in
the male (but not female) rat kidney. Such abnormal accumulation represents lysosomal
overload and leads to chronic renal tubular cell degeneration, accumulation of cell
debris, mineralisation of renal medullary tubules and necrosis. A sustained regenerative
proliferation occurs in epithelial cells with subsequent neoplastic transformation with
continued exposure. The alpha2-microglobulin is produced under the influence of hormonal
controls in male rats but not in females and, more importantly, not in humans.
1,2,4-TRIMETHYL BENZENE:
unless otherwise specified data extracted from RTECS - Register of Toxic Effects of
Chemical Substances.
TOXICITY IRRITATION
Inhalation (rat) LC50: 18000 mg/m鲁/4h Nil Reported
Asthma-like symptoms may continue for months or even years after exposure to the material
ceases. This may be due to a non-allergenic condition known as reactive airways
dysfunction syndrome (RADS) which can occur following exposure to high levels of highly
irritating compound. Key criteria for the diagnosis of RADS include the absence of
preceding respiratory disease, in a non-atopic individual, with abrupt onset of
persistent asthma-like symptoms within minutes to hours of a documented exposure to the
irritant. A reversible airflow pattern, on spirometry, with the presence of moderate to
severe bronchial hyperreactivity on methacholine challenge testing and the lack of
minimal lymphocytic inflammation, without eosinophilia, have also been included in the
criteria for diagnosis of RADS. RADS (or asthma) following an irritating inhalation is an
infrequent disorder with rates related to the concentration of and duration of exposure
to the irritating substance. Industrial bronchitis, on the other hand, is a disorder that
occurs as result of exposure due to high concentrations of irritating substance (often
particulate in nature) and is completely reversible after exposure ceases. The disorder
is characterised by dyspnea, cough and mucus production.
Other Toxicity data is available for
CHEMWATCH 12172 1,2,3-trimethylbenzene
CHEMWATCH2325 1,3,5-trimethylbenzene
Section 12 - ECOLOGICAL INFORMATION
The lower molecular weight hydrocarbons are expected to form a "slick" on the surface of
waters after release in calm sea conditions. This is expected to evaporate and enter the
atmosphere where it will be degraded through reaction with hydroxy radicals.
Some of the material will become associated with benthic sediments, and it is likely to
be spread over a fairly wide area of sea floor. Marine sediments may be either aerobic or
anaerobic. The material, in probability, is biodegradable, under aerobic conditions
(isomerised olefins and alkenes show variable results). Evidence also suggests that the
hydrocarbons may be degradable under anaerobic conditions although such degradation in
benthic sediments may be a relatively slow process.
Under aerobic conditions the material will degrade to water and carbon dioxide, while
under anaerobic processes it will produce water, methane and carbon dioxide.
Based on test results, as well as theoretical considerations, the potential for
bioaccumulation may be high. Toxic effects are often observed in species such as blue
mussel, daphnia, freshwater green algae, marine copepods and amphipods.
continued...
NULON LEAD SUBSTITUTE
Chemwatch Material Safety Data Sheet
Issue Date: 15-Mar-2008 CHEMWATCH 4957-29
NC317ECP Version No:4
CD 2008/1 Page 13 of 21
Section 12 - ECOLOGICAL INFORMATION
Drinking Water Standards:
hydrocarbon total: 10 ug/l (UK max.).
DO NOT discharge into sewer or waterways.
Refer to data for ingredients, which follows:
MINERAL OIL:
DO NOT discharge into sewer or waterways.
KEROSENE:
The lower molecular weight hydrocarbons are expected to form a "slick" on the surface of
waters after release in calm sea conditions. This is expected to evaporate and enter the
atmosphere where it will be degraded through reaction with hydroxy radicals.
Some of the material will become associated with benthic sediments, and it is likely to
be spread over a fairly wide area of sea floor. Marine sediments may be either aerobic or
anaerobic. The material, in probability, is biodegradable, under aerobic conditions
(isomerised olefins and alkenes show variable results). Evidence also suggests that the
hydrocarbons may be degradable under anaerobic conditions although such degradation in
benthic sediments may be a relatively slow process.
Under aerobic conditions the material will degrade to water and carbon dioxide, while
under anaerobic processes it will produce water, methane and carbon dioxide.
Based on test results, as well as theoretical considerations, the potential for
bioaccumulation may be high. Toxic effects are often observed in species such as blue
mussel, daphnia, freshwater green algae, marine copepods and amphipods.
Drinking Water Standards:
hydrocarbon total: 10 ug/l (UK max.).
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are ubiquitous in the marine environment,
occurring at their highest environmental concentrations around urban centres.
Two factors, lipid and organic carbon, control to a large extent the partitioning
behaviour of PAHs in sediment, water and tissue; the more hydrophobic a compound, the
greater the partitioning to non-aqueous phases. These two factors, along with the octanol-
water partition coefficient, are the best predictors of this partitioning and can be used
to determine PAH behaviour and its bioavailability in the environment.
The lipid (fat) phase, of all organisms, contains the highest levels of PAHs: organic
carbon associated with sediment or dissolved in water has a great influence on
bioavailability resulting from its ability to adsorb.
Accumulation of PAHs occurs in all marine organisms; however there is a wide range in
tissue concentrations resulting from variable environmental concentrations, level and
time of exposure, and species ability to metabolize these compounds. PAHs generally
partition in lipid-rich tissues and their metabolites are found in most tissues. In fish,
bile and liver accumulate the highest levels of parent PAH and metabolites. In
invertebrates, the highest concentrations can be found in the internal organs, such as
the liver and pancreas; tissue concentrations appear to follow seasonal cycles which may
be related to variations in lipid content or spawning cycles.
DO NOT discharge into sewer or waterways.
Chemical analysis for all individual compounds in a petroleum bulk product released to
the environment is generally unrealistic due to the complexity of these mixtures and the
laboratory expense. Determining the chemical composition of a petroleum release is
further complicated by hydrodynamic, abiotic, and biotic processes that act on the
release to change the chemical character.
The longer the release is exposed to the environment, the greater the change in chemical
character and the harder it is to obtain accurate analytical results reflecting the
identity of the release. After extensive weathering, detailed knowledge of the original
bulk product is often less valuable than current site-specific information on a more
focused set of hydrocarbon components. Health assessment efforts are frequently
frustrated by three primary problems: (1) the inability to identify and quantify the
individual compounds released to the environment as a consequence of a petroleum spill;
continued...
NULON LEAD SUBSTITUTE
Chemwatch Material Safety Data Sheet
Issue Date: 15-Mar-2008 CHEMWATCH 4957-29
NC317ECP Version No:4
CD 2008/1 Page 14 of 21
Section 12 - ECOLOGICAL INFORMATION
(2) the lack of information characterizing the fate of the individual compounds in
petroleum mixtures; and (3) the lack of specific health guidance values for the majority
of chemicals present in petroleum products. To define the public health implications
associated with exposure to petroleum hydrocarbons, it is necessary to have a basic
understanding of petroleum properties, compositions, and the physical, chemical,
biological, and toxicological properties of the compounds most often identified as the
key chemicals of concern.
Petroleum products released to the environment migrate through soil via two general
pathways: (1) as bulk oil flow infiltrating the soil under the forces of gravity and
capillary action, and (2) as individual compounds separating from the bulk petroleum
mixture and dissolving in air or water. When bulk oil flow occurs, it results in little
or no separation of the individual compounds from the product mixture and the
infiltration rate is usually fast relative to the dissolution rate (Eastcott et al.
1989). Many compounds that are insoluble and immobile in water are soluble in bulk oil
and will migrate along with the bulk oil flow. Factors affecting the rate of bulk oil
infiltration include soil moisture content, vegetation, terrain, climate, rate of release
(e.g., catastrophic versus slow leakage), soil particle size (e.g., sand versus clay),
and oil viscosity (e.g., gasoline versus motor oil).
As bulk oil migrates through the soil column, a small amount of the product mass is
retained by soil particles. The bulk product retained by the soil particles is known as
鈥渞esidual saturation.鈥?
Depending upon the persistence of the bulk oil, residual saturation can potentially
reside in the soil for years. Residual saturation is important as it determines the
degree of soil contamination and can act as a continuing source of contamination for
individual compounds to separate from the bulk product and migrate independently in air
or groundwater. Residual saturation is important as it determines the degree of soil
contamination and can act as a continuing source of contamination for individual
compounds to
separate from the bulk product and migrate independently in air or groundwater. When the
amount of product released to the environment is small relative to the volume of
available soil, all of the product is converted to residual saturation and downward
migration of the bulk product usually ceases prior to affecting groundwater resources.
Adverse impacts to groundwater may still occur if rain water infiltrates through soil
containing residual saturation and initiates the downward migration of individual
compounds. When the amount of product released is large relative to the volume of
available soil, the downward
migration of bulk product ceases as water-saturated pore spaces are encountered. If the
density of the
bulk product is less than that of water, the product tends to 鈥渇loat鈥? along the interface
between the water saturated and unsaturated zones and spread horizontally in a pancake-
like layer, usually in the direction of groundwater flow. Almost all motor and heating
oils are less dense than water.If the density of the bulk product is greater than that of
water, the product will continue to migrate downward through the water table aquifer
under the continued influence of gravity. Downward migration ceases when the product is
converted to residual saturation or when an impermeable surface is encountered.
As the bulk product migrates through the soil column, individual compounds may separate
from the mixture and migrate independently. Chemical transport properties such as
volatility, solubility, and sorption potential are often used to evaluate and predict
which compounds will likely separate from the mixture. Since petroleum products are
complex mixtures of hundreds of compounds, the compounds characterized by relatively high
vapor pressures tend to volatilize and enter the vapor phase. The exact composition of
these vapors depends on the composition of the original product. Using gasoline as an
example, compounds such as butane, propane, benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylene are
preferentially volatilized. Because volatility represents transfer of the compound from
the product or liquid phase to the air phase, it is expected that the concentration of
that compound in the product or liquid phase will decrease as the concentration in the
air phase increases.
In general, compounds having a vapor pressure in excess of 10-2 mm Hg are more likely to
be present in the air phase than in the liquid phase. Compounds characterized by vapor
continued...
NULON LEAD SUBSTITUTE
Chemwatch Material Safety Data Sheet
Issue Date: 15-Mar-2008 CHEMWATCH 4957-29
NC317ECP Version No:4
CD 2008/1 Page 15 of 21
Section 12 - ECOLOGICAL INFORMATION
pressures less than 10-7 mm Hg are more likely to be associated with the liquid phase.
Compounds possessing vapor pressures that are less than 10-2 mm Hg, but greater than 10-7
mm Hg, will have a tendency to exist in both the air and the liquid phases.
Lighter petroleum products such as gasoline contain constituents with higher water
solubility and volatility and lower sorption potential than heavier petroleum products
such as fuel oil.
Data compiled from gasoline spills and laboratory studies indicate that these light-
fraction hydrocarbons tend to migrate readily through soil, potentially threatening or
affecting groundwater supplies. In contrast, petroleum products with heavier molecular
weight constituents, such as fuel oil, are generally more persistent in soils, due to
their relatively low water solubility and volatility and high sorption capacity.
Solubility generally decreases with increasing molecular weight of the hydrocarbon
compounds. For compounds having similar molecular weights, the aromatic hydrocarbons are
more water soluble and mobile in water than the aliphatic hydrocarbonsand branched
aliphatics are less water-soluble than straight-chained aliphatics. Aromatic compounds in
petroleum fuels may comprise as much as 50% by weight; aromatic compounds in the C6-C13,
range made up approximately 95% of the compounds dissolved in water.
Indigenous microbes found in many natural settings (e.g., soils, groundwater, ponds) have
been shown to be capable of degrading organic compounds. Unlike other fate processes that
disperse contaminants in the environment, biodegradation can eliminate the contaminants
without transferring them across media.
The final products of microbial degradation are carbon dioxide, water, and microbial
biomass. The rate of hydrocarbon degradation depends on the chemical composition of the
product released to the environment as well as site-specific environmental factors.
Generally the straight chain hydrocarbons and the aromatics are degraded more readily
than the highly branched aliphatic compounds. The n-alkanes, n-alkyl aromatics, and the
aromatics in the C10-C22 range are the most readily biodegradable; n-alkanes, n-alkyl
aromatics, and aromatics in the C5-C9 range are biodegradable at low concentrations by
some microorganisms, but are generally preferentially removed by volatilization and thus
are unavailable in most environments; n-alkanes in the C1-C4 ranges are biodegradable
only by a narrow range of specialized hydrocarbon degraders; and n-alkanes, n-alkyl
aromatics, and aromatics above C22 are generally not available to degrading
microorganisms. Hydrocarbons with condensed ring structures, such as PAHs with four or
more rings, have been shown to be relatively resistant to biodegradation. PAHs with only
2 or 3 rings (e.g., naphthalene, anthracene) are more easily biodegraded. PAHs with only
2 or 3 rings (e.g., naphthalene, anthracene) are more easily biodegraded. A large
proportion of the water-soluble fraction of the petroleum product may be degraded as the
compounds go into solution. As a result, the remaining product may become enriched in the
alicyclics, the highly branched aliphatics, and PAHs with many fused rings.
In almost all cases, the presence of oxygen is essential for effective biodegradation of
oil. Anaerobic decomposition of petroleum hydrocarbons leads to extremely low rates of
degradation. The ideal pH range to promote biodegradation is close to neutral (6-8). For
most species, the optimal pH is slightly alkaline, that is, greater than 7. The moisture
content of the contaminated soil will affect biodegradation of oils due to dissolution of
the residual compounds, dispersive actions, and the need for microbial metabolism to
sustain high activity. The moisture content in soil affects microbial locomotion, solute
diffusion, substrate supply, and the removal of metabolic by-products. Biodegradation
rates in soils are also affected by the volume of product released to the environment. At
concentrations of l-0.5% of oil by volume, the degradation rate in soil is fairly
independent of oil concentrations. However, as oil concentration rises, the first order
degradation rate decreases and the oil degradation half-life increases. Ultimately, when
the oil reaches saturation conditions in the soil (i.e., 30-50% oil), biodegradation
virtually ceases.
Excessive moisture will limit the gaseous supply of oxygen for enhanced decomposition of
petroleum hydrocarbons. Most studies indicate that optimum moisture content is within 50-
70% of the water holding capacity.
All biological transformations are affected by temperature. Generally, as the temperature
increases, biological activity tends to increase up to a temperature where enzyme
denaturation occurs. The presence of oil should increase soil temperature, particularly
continued...
NULON LEAD SUBSTITUTE
Chemwatch Material Safety Data Sheet
Issue Date: 15-Mar-2008 CHEMWATCH 4957-29
NC317ECP Version No:4
CD 2008/1 Page 16 of 21
Section 12 - ECOLOGICAL INFORMATION
at the surface. The darker color increases the heat capacity by adsorbing more radiation.
The optimal temperature for biodegradation to occur ranges from 18 潞C to 30 潞C. Minimum
rates would be expected at 5 潞C or lower.
SOLVENT NAPHTHA PETROLEUM, MEDIUM ALIPHATIC:
The lower molecular weight hydrocarbons are expected to form a "slick" on the surface of
waters after release in calm sea conditions. This is expected to evaporate and enter the
atmosphere where it will be degraded through reaction with hydroxy radicals.
Some of the material will become associated with benthic sediments, and it is likely to
be spread over a fairly wide area of sea floor. Marine sediments may be either aerobic or
anaerobic. The material, in probability, is biodegradable, under aerobic conditions
(isomerised olefins and alkenes show variable results). Evidence also suggests that the
hydrocarbons may be degradable under anaerobic conditions although such degradation in
benthic sediments may be a relatively slow process.
Under aerobic conditions the material will degrade to water and carbon dioxide, while
under anaerobic processes it will produce water, methane and carbon dioxide.
Based on test results, as well as theoretical considerations, the potential for
bioaccumulation may be high. Toxic effects are often observed in species such as blue
mussel, daphnia, freshwater green algae, marine copepods and amphipods.
Drinking Water Standards:
hydrocarbon total: 10 ug/l (UK max.).
Chemical analysis for all individual compounds in a petroleum bulk product released to
the environment is generally unrealistic due to the complexity of these mixtures and the
laboratory expense. Determining the chemical composition of a petroleum release is
further complicated by hydrodynamic, abiotic, and biotic processes that act on the
release to change the chemical character.
The longer the release is exposed to the environment, the greater the change in chemical
character and the harder it is to obtain accurate analytical results reflecting the
identity of the release. After extensive weathering, detailed knowledge of the original
bulk product is often less valuable than current site-specific information on a more
focused set of hydrocarbon components. Health assessment efforts are frequently
frustrated by three primary problems: (1) the inability to identify and quantify the
individual compounds released to the environment as a consequence of a petroleum spill;
(2) the lack of information characterizing the fate of the individual compounds in
petroleum mixtures; and (3) the lack of specific health guidance values for the majority
of chemicals present in petroleum products. To define the public health implications
associated with exposure to petroleum hydrocarbons, it is necessary to have a basic
understanding of petroleum properties, compositions, and the physical, chemical,
biological, and toxicological properties of the compounds most often identified as the
key chemicals of concern.
Petroleum products released to the environment migrate through soil via two general
pathways: (1) as bulk oil flow infiltrating the soil under the forces of gravity and
capillary action, and (2) as individual compounds separating from the bulk petroleum
mixture and dissolving in air or water. When bulk oil flow occurs, it results in little
or no separation of the individual compounds from the product mixture and the
infiltration rate is usually fast relative to the dissolution rate (Eastcott et al.
1989). Many compounds that are insoluble and immobile in water are soluble in bulk oil
and will migrate along with the bulk oil flow. Factors affecting the rate of bulk oil
infiltration include soil moisture content, vegetation, terrain, climate, rate of release
(e.g., catastrophic versus slow leakage), soil particle size (e.g., sand versus clay),
and oil viscosity (e.g., gasoline versus motor oil).
As bulk oil migrates through the soil column, a small amount of the product mass is
retained by soil particles. The bulk product retained by the soil particles is known as
鈥渞esidual saturation.鈥?
Depending upon the persistence of the bulk oil, residual saturation can potentially
reside in the soil for years. Residual saturation is important as it determines the
continued...
NULON LEAD SUBSTITUTE
Chemwatch Material Safety Data Sheet
Issue Date: 15-Mar-2008 CHEMWATCH 4957-29
NC317ECP Version No:4
CD 2008/1 Page 17 of 21
Section 12 - ECOLOGICAL INFORMATION
degree of soil contamination and can act as a continuing source of contamination for
individual compounds to separate from the bulk product and migrate independently in air
or groundwater. Residual saturation is important as it determines the degree of soil
contamination and can act as a continuing source of contamination for individual
compounds to
separate from the bulk product and migrate independently in air or groundwater. When the
amount of product released to the environment is small relative to the volume of
available soil, all of the product is converted to residual saturation and downward
migration of the bulk product usually ceases prior to affecting groundwater resources.
Adverse impacts to groundwater may still occur if rain water infiltrates through soil
containing residual saturation and initiates the downward migration of individual
compounds. When the amount of product released is large relative to the volume of
available soil, the downward
migration of bulk product ceases as water-saturated pore spaces are encountered. If the
density of the
bulk product is less than that of water, the product tends to 鈥渇loat鈥? along the interface
between the water saturated and unsaturated zones and spread horizontally in a pancake-
like layer, usually in the direction of groundwater flow. Almost all motor and heating
oils are less dense than water.If the density of the bulk product is greater than that of
water, the product will continue to migrate downward through the water table aquifer
under the continued influence of gravity. Downward migration ceases when the product is
converted to residual saturation or when an impermeable surface is encountered.
As the bulk product migrates through the soil column, individual compounds may separate
from the mixture and migrate independently. Chemical transport properties such as
volatility, solubility, and sorption potential are often used to evaluate and predict
which compounds will likely separate from the mixture. Since petroleum products are
complex mixtures of hundreds of compounds, the compounds characterized by relatively high
vapor pressures tend to volatilize and enter the vapor phase. The exact composition of
these vapors depends on the composition of the original product. Using gasoline as an
example, compounds such as butane, propane, benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylene are
preferentially volatilized. Because volatility represents transfer of the compound from
the product or liquid phase to the air phase, it is expected that the concentration of
that compound in the product or liquid phase will decrease as the concentration in the
air phase increases.
In general, compounds having a vapor pressure in excess of 10-2 mm Hg are more likely to
be present in the air phase than in the liquid phase. Compounds characterized by vapor
pressures less than 10-7 mm Hg are more likely to be associated with the liquid phase.
Compounds possessing vapor pressures that are less than 10-2 mm Hg, but greater than 10-7
mm Hg, will have a tendency to exist in both the air and the liquid phases.
Lighter petroleum products such as gasoline contain constituents with higher water
solubility and volatility and lower sorption potential than heavier petroleum products
such as fuel oil.
Data compiled from gasoline spills and laboratory studies indicate that these light-
fraction hydrocarbons tend to migrate readily through soil, potentially threatening or
affecting groundwater supplies. In contrast, petroleum products with heavier molecular
weight constituents, such as fuel oil, are generally more persistent in soils, due to
their relatively low water solubility and volatility and high sorption capacity.
Solubility generally decreases with increasing molecular weight of the hydrocarbon
compounds. For compounds having similar molecular weights, the aromatic hydrocarbons are
more water soluble and mobile in water than the aliphatic hydrocarbonsand branched
aliphatics are less water-soluble than straight-chained aliphatics. Aromatic compounds in
petroleum fuels may comprise as much as 50% by weight; aromatic compounds in the C6-C13,
range made up approximately 95% of the compounds dissolved in water.
Indigenous microbes found in many natural settings (e.g., soils, groundwater, ponds) have
been shown to be capable of degrading organic compounds. Unlike other fate processes that
disperse contaminants in the environment, biodegradation can eliminate the contaminants
without transferring them across media.
The final products of microbial degradation are carbon dioxide, water, and microbial
biomass. The rate of hydrocarbon degradation depends on the chemical composition of the
continued...
NULON LEAD SUBSTITUTE
Chemwatch Material Safety Data Sheet
Issue Date: 15-Mar-2008 CHEMWATCH 4957-29
NC317ECP Version No:4
CD 2008/1 Page 18 of 21
Section 12 - ECOLOGICAL INFORMATION
product released to the environment as well as site-specific environmental factors.
Generally the straight chain hydrocarbons and the aromatics are degraded more readily
than the highly branched aliphatic compounds. The n-alkanes, n-alkyl aromatics, and the
aromatics in the C10-C22 range are the most readily biodegradable; n-alkanes, n-alkyl
aromatics, and aromatics in the C5-C9 range are biodegradable at low concentrations by
some microorganisms, but are generally preferentially removed by volatilization and thus
are unavailable in most environments; n-alkanes in the C1-C4 ranges are biodegradable
only by a narrow range of specialized hydrocarbon degraders; and n-alkanes, n-alkyl
aromatics, and aromatics above C22 are generally not available to degrading
microorganisms. Hydrocarbons with condensed ring structures, such as PAHs with four or
more rings, have been shown to be relatively resistant to biodegradation. PAHs with only
2 or 3 rings (e.g., naphthalene, anthracene) are more easily biodegraded. PAHs with only
2 or 3 rings (e.g., naphthalene, anthracene) are more easily biodegraded. A large
proportion of the water-soluble fraction of the petroleum product may be degraded as the
compounds go into solution. As a result, the remaining product may become enriched in the
alicyclics, the highly branched aliphatics, and PAHs with many fused rings.
In almost all cases, the presence of oxygen is essential for effective biodegradation of
oil. Anaerobic decomposition of petroleum hydrocarbons leads to extremely low rates of
degradation. The ideal pH range to promote biodegradation is close to neutral (6-8). For
most species, the optimal pH is slightly alkaline, that is, greater than 7. The moisture
content of the contaminated soil will affect biodegradation of oils due to dissolution of
the residual compounds, dispersive actions, and the need for microbial metabolism to
sustain high activity. The moisture content in soil affects microbial locomotion, solute
diffusion, substrate supply, and the removal of metabolic by-products. Biodegradation
rates in soils are also affected by the volume of product released to the environment. At
concentrations of l-0.5% of oil by volume, the degradation rate in soil is fairly
independent of oil concentrations. However, as oil concentration rises, the first order
degradation rate decreases and the oil degradation half-life increases. Ultimately, when
the oil reaches saturation conditions in the soil (i.e., 30-50% oil), biodegradation
virtually ceases.
Excessive moisture will limit the gaseous supply of oxygen for enhanced decomposition of
petroleum hydrocarbons. Most studies indicate that optimum moisture content is within 50-
70% of the water holding capacity.
All biological transformations are affected by temperature. Generally, as the temperature
increases, biological activity tends to increase up to a temperature where enzyme
denaturation occurs. The presence of oil should increase soil temperature, particularly
at the surface. The darker color increases the heat capacity by adsorbing more radiation.
The optimal temperature for biodegradation to occur ranges from 18 潞C to 30 潞C. Minimum
rates would be expected at 5 潞C or lower.
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are ubiquitous in the marine environment,
occurring at their highest environmental concentrations around urban centres.
Two factors, lipid and organic carbon, control to a large extent the partitioning
behaviour of PAHs in sediment, water and tissue; the more hydrophobic a compound, the
greater the partitioning to non-aqueous phases. These two factors, along with the octanol-
water partition coefficient, are the best predictors of this partitioning and can be used
to determine PAH behaviour and its bioavailability in the environment.
The lipid (fat) phase, of all organisms, contains the highest levels of PAHs: organic
carbon associated with sediment or dissolved in water has a great influence on
bioavailability resulting from its ability to adsorb.
Accumulation of PAHs occurs in all marine organisms; however there is a wide range in
tissue concentrations resulting from variable environmental concentrations, level and
time of exposure, and species ability to metabolize these compounds. PAHs generally
partition in lipid-rich tissues and their metabolites are found in most tissues. In fish,
bile and liver accumulate the highest levels of parent PAH and metabolites. In
invertebrates, the highest concentrations can be found in the internal organs, such as
the liver and pancreas; tissue concentrations appear to follow seasonal cycles which may
be related to variations in lipid content or spawning cycles.
DO NOT discharge into sewer or waterways.
continued...
NULON LEAD SUBSTITUTE
Chemwatch Material Safety Data Sheet
Issue Date: 15-Mar-2008 CHEMWATCH 4957-29
NC317ECP Version No:4
CD 2008/1 Page 19 of 21
Section 12 - ECOLOGICAL INFORMATION
1,2,4-TRIMETHYL BENZENE:
Fish LC50 (96hr.) (mg/l): 7.72
log Kow (Sangster 1997): 3.7
Half- life Soil - High (hours): 672
Half- life Soil - Low (hours): 168
Half- life Air - High (hours): 16
Half- life Air - Low (hours): 1.6
Half- life Surface water - High (hours): 672
Half- life Surface water - Low (hours): 168
Half- life Ground water - High (hours): 1344
Half- life Ground water - Low (hours): 336
Aqueous biodegradation - Aerobic - High (hours): 672
Aqueous biodegradation - Aerobic - Low (hours): 168
Aqueous biodegradation - Anaerobic - High (hours): 2688
Aqueous biodegradation - Anaerobic - Low (hours): 672
Photooxidation half- life water - High (hours): 43000
Photooxidation half- life water - Low (hours): 1056
Photooxidation half- life air - High (hours): 16
Photooxidation half- life air - Low (hours): 1.6
Do NOT allow product to come in contact with surface waters or to intertidal areas below
the mean high water mark. Do not contaminate water when cleaning equipment or disposing
of equipment wash-waters.
Wastes resulting from use of the product must be disposed of on site or at approved waste
sites.
The lower molecular weight hydrocarbons are expected to form a "slick" on the surface of
waters after release in calm sea conditions. This is expected to evaporate and enter the
atmosphere where it will be degraded through reaction with hydroxy radicals.
Some of the material will become associated with benthic sediments, and it is likely to
be spread over a fairly wide area of sea floor. Marine sediments may be either aerobic or
anaerobic. The material, in probability, is biodegradable, under aerobic conditions
(isomerised olefins and alkenes show variable results). Evidence also suggests that the
hydrocarbons may be degradable under anaerobic conditions although such degradation in
benthic sediments may be a relatively slow process.
Under aerobic conditions the material will degrade to water and carbon dioxide, while
under anaerobic processes it will produce water, methane and carbon dioxide.
Based on test results, as well as theoretical considerations, the potential for
bioaccumulation may be high. Toxic effects are often observed in species such as blue
mussel, daphnia, freshwater green algae, marine copepods and amphipods.
Drinking Water Standards:
hydrocarbon total: 10 ug/l (UK max.).
DO NOT discharge into sewer or waterways.
Half-life (hr) air: 0.48-16
Half-life (hr) H2O surface water: 0.24-672
Half-life (hr) H2O ground: 336-1344
Half-life (hr) soil: 168-672
Henry's Pa m鲁 /mol: 385-627
Bioacculmulation: not sig
processes Abiotic: no hydrol or photol, some oxid.
continued...
NULON LEAD SUBSTITUTE
Chemwatch Material Safety Data Sheet
Issue Date: 15-Mar-2008 CHEMWATCH 4957-29
NC317ECP Version No:4
CD 2008/1 Page 20 of 21
Section 13 - DISPOSAL CONSIDERATIONS
路 DO NOT allow wash water from cleaning or process equipment to enter drains.
路 It may be necessary to collect all wash water for treatment before disposal.
路 In all cases disposal to sewer may be subject to local laws and regulations and these
should be considered first.
路 Where in doubt contact the responsible authority.
路 Recycle wherever possible or consult manufacturer for recycling options.
路 Consult State Land Waste Authority for disposal.
路 Bury or incinerate residue at an approved site.
路 Recycle containers if possible, or dispose of in an authorised landfill.
Section 14 - TRANSPORTATION INFORMATION
HAZCHEM: None
NOT REGULATED FOR TRANSPORT OF DANGEROUS GOODS:UN, IATA,
IMDG
Section 15 - REGULATORY INFORMATION
POISONS SCHEDULE: None
REGULATIONS
Nulon Lead Substitute (CAS: None):
No regulations applicable
kerosene (CAS: 8008-20-6) is found on the following regulatory lists;
Australia Hazardous Substances
Australia High Volume Industrial Chemical List (HVICL)
Australia Inventory of Chemical Substances (AICS)
Australia Standard for the Uniform Scheduling of Drugs and Poisons (SUSDP) - Appendix E (Part 2)
Australia Standard for the Uniform Scheduling of Drugs and Poisons (SUSDP) - Schedule 4
Australia Standard for the Uniform Scheduling of Drugs and Poisons (SUSDP) - Schedule 5
International Air Transport Association (IATA) Dangerous Goods Regulations
OECD Representative List of High Production Volume (HPV) Chemicals
OSPAR List of Chemicals for Priority Action
solvent naphtha petroleum, medium aliphatic (CAS: 64742-88-7) is found on the following regulatory lists;
Australia Hazardous Substances
Australia High Volume Industrial Chemical List (HVICL)
Australia Inventory of Chemical Substances (AICS)
Australia Standard for the Uniform Scheduling of Drugs and Poisons (SUSDP) - Schedule 5
International Air Transport Association (IATA) Dangerous Goods Regulations
International Council of Chemical Associations (ICCA) - High Production Volume List
OECD Representative List of High Production Volume (HPV) Chemicals
OSPAR List of Chemicals for Priority Action
1,2,4-trimethyl benzene (CAS: 95-63-6) is found on the following regulatory lists;
Australia Hazardous Substances
Australia Inventory of Chemical Substances (AICS)
IMO IBC Code Chapter 17: Summary of minimum requirements
IMO MARPOL 73/78 (Annex II) - List of Noxious Liquid Substances Carried in Bulk
International Air Transport Association (IATA) Dangerous Goods Regulations
International Council of Chemical Associations (ICCA) - High Production Volume List
OECD Representative List of High Production Volume (HPV) Chemicals
No data available for mineral oil as CAS: Not avail.
No data available for butene/ isobutylene copolymer as CAS: 9044-17-1, CAS: 26938-45-4.
Section 16 - OTHER INFORMATION
INGREDIENTS WITH MULTIPLE CAS NUMBERS
Ingredient Name CAS
butene/ isobutylene copolymer 9044- 17- 1, 26938- 45- 4
continued...
NULON LEAD SUBSTITUTE
Chemwatch Material Safety Data Sheet
Issue Date: 15-Mar-2008 CHEMWATCH 4957-29
NC317ECP Version No:4
CD 2008/1 Page 21 of 21
Section 16 - OTHER INFORMATION
EXPOSURE STANDARD FOR MIXTURES
"Worst Case" computer-aided prediction of vapour components/concentrations:
Composite Exposure Standard for Mixture (TWA) (mg/m3): 404.7436 mg/m鲁
If the breathing zone concentration of ANY of the components listed below is exceeded,
"Worst Case" considerations deem the individual to be overexposed.
Component Breathing Zone ppm Breathing Zone mg/m3 Mixture Conc: (%).
Component Breathing zone Breathing Zone Mixture Conc
(ppm) (mg/m鲁) (%)
1,2,4-trimethyl benzene 7.48 36.7949 1.0
solvent naphtha petroleum, medium aliphatic 70.09 367.9487 10.0
Operations which produce a spray/mist or fume/dust, introduce particulates to the
breathing zone.
If the breathing zone concentration of ANY of the components listed below is exceeded,
"Worst Case" considerations deem the individual to be overexposed.
At the "Composite Exposure Standard for Mixture" (TWA) (mg/m3): 404.7436 mg/m鲁
Classification of the preparation and its individual components has drawn on official and
authoritative sources as well as independent review by the Chemwatch Classification
committee using available literature references.
A list of reference resources used to assist the committee may be found at:
www.chemwatch.net/references.
The (M)SDS is a Hazard Communication tool and should be used to assist in the Risk
Assessment. Many factors determine whether the reported Hazards are Risks in the
workplace or other settings. Risks may be determined by reference to Exposures Scenarios.
Scale of use, frequency of use and current or available engineering controls must be
considered.
This document is copyright. Apart from any fair dealing for the purposes of private study, research, review or
criticism, as permitted under the Copyright Act, no part may be reproduced by any process without written permission
from CHEMWATCH. TEL (+61 3) 9572 4700.
Issue Date: 15-Mar-2008
Print Date: 10-Apr-2008
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