Ecotoxicology

Information for MSDSs

and Hazard

Communication

   Eric M. Silberhorn, Ph.D., DABT

           ARCADIS G&M

           Millersville, MD







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Ecotoxicology Data









            Ecotoxicology Data

     What information to include

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     Where to find it

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     Is it accurate and reliable?

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Ecotoxicology Data









            What Information to Include

     Any or all

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     Ecotoxicology data are usually limited and often

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     totally absent for many chemicals

     Data are most likely to be found for pesticides and

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     HPV chemicals









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Ecotoxicology Data









            What Information to Include

      Depends on target audience

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       � MSDS

       � HPV Challenge/SIDS Robust Summary

       � Emergencies such as railroad tank car spills

      Estimated values from Structure Activity

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      Relationships (SARs)









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Ecotoxicology Data









            What Information to Include

      Guideline Studies

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        � EPA OPPTS (40 CFR 797)

        � EPA OPP (Subdivision E, Series 71, 72 � aquatic and

          terrestrial; Subdivision L, Series 141 � nontarget insects;

          Subdivision J, Series 121 to 124 -nontarget plants

        � EPA “Harmonized� Guidelines (850 Series � currently in

          draft form and being rewritten)

        � OECD

        � Other: ASTM, FDA, MAFF



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Ecotoxicology Data









            What Information to Include

     Aquatic toxicity

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       � Fish, invertebrates, algae, amphibians

       � Include sediment toxicity

     Terrestrial toxicity

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       � Birds, mammals, earthworms, beneficial insects, reptiles

     Microbial toxicity

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     Bioconcentration / Bioaccumulation

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            Aquatic Test Species

     Fish - fathead minnow, rainbow trout, bluegill,

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     sheepshead minnow, medaka, goldfish, zebrafish,

     and many others

     Invertebrates � water fleas (Daphnia spp.), shrimp

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     (mysid), amphipods (Gammarus), Chironomids

     Algae � green, blue-green, brown

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     Amphibians � Xenopus (FETAX)

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            Aquatic Toxicity Data

     Acute tests (most common)

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      � 48 to 96 hrs (invertebrates)

      � 96 hrs (fish)

     Prolonged tests � 21 days (fish)

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     Short-term chronic tests (effluents)

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      � 7 days for Ceriodaphnia, fathead minnow









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            Aquatic Toxicity Data

     Chronic tests

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       � 96 hrs for algae

       � 21 days for Daphnia (life-cycle /reproduction)

       � 28 days for mysids (life-cycle test)

       � 30 to 90 days (fish early life-stage tests)

       � 1 to 3 years (fish life-cycle tests � very rare)









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Ecotoxicology Data









            Aquatic Toxicity Data

    Acute toxicity

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     � Fish 96-hr LC50 (median lethal concentration)

     � Daphnia 48-hr EC50 (median effect conc.)

     � Algae 96-hr EC50

    Note: a lack of acute toxicity does not preclude chronic

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    toxicity, in fact, just the opposite is often the case for

    chemicals with low solubility in water







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Ecotoxicology Data









            Aquatic Toxicity Data

      Test conditions and results that should be reported

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      when possible:

       � Length of exposure

       � Static, static-renewal, or flow-through exposure

       � Freshwater vs. saltwater

       � Nominal vs. measured concentrations

       � LC50/EC50 95% Confidence limits

       � Slope of concentration - response curve





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            Aquatic Toxicity Data

       Chronic toxicity

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        � Endpoints: survival, growth, reproduction

        � LOEC: Lowest Observable Effect Concentration

        � NOEC: No Observable Effect Concentration

        � MATC: Maximum Acceptable Toxic Concentration

        � ChV: Chronic Value









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Ecotoxicology Data









            Terrestrial Toxicity Data

      Birds � bobwhite or Japanese quail, mallard duck,

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      kestrels, starlings, pigeons, hawks

      Mammals

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       � Lab animals: mice, rats, rabbit

       � Wild mammals: coyotes, squirrels, fox, wolf, bear

      Earthworms

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      Beneficial insects - honey bees, butterflies

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      Reptiles - snakes

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Ecotoxicology Data









            Terrestrial Toxicity Data

     Avian tests

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       � Acute oral (single dose; 14-d observation)

             � Bobwhite or mallard; LD50

       � Subacute dietary (5-d exposure; 8-d observation)

             � Bobwhite or mallard; LC50

       � Single-generation reproduction (dietary exposure.)

             � Bobwhite or mallard; NOEC, LOEC









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Ecotoxicology Data









            Terrestrial Toxicity Data

       Lab mammal data typically used as surrogate

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       Wild mammals

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         � Data are very rare

         � Secondary exposure hazard

       Earthworms

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         � OECD Guideline (14-d LC50)

       Beneficial insects � honey bee

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         � Contact exposure

         � Dietary residues







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Ecotoxicology Data









            Other Ecotoxicology Data

     Microbial toxicity

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       � IC50

     Bioconcentration / Bioaccumulation Factor

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       � BCF or BAF

       � Can be measured or estimated from log Kow

       � Indicates potential for biomagnification and/or secondary

         toxicity through food chain









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            Estimating Ecotoxicity Values

    Aquatic toxicity using EPA� ECOSAR software

                               s

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      � Need to know CAS No. and/or structure (SMILES notation)

      � SARs for approx. 50 chemical classes (TSCA database)

      � Software determines appropriate class and log Kow

      � Toxicity estimated using log Kow value

      � Type and quantity of SARs vary by chemical class (>10 for

        neutral organics)

      � http://www.epa.gov/oppt/exposure/docs/episuitedl.htm





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Ecotoxicology Data









            Estimating Ecotoxicology Values

     Limitations:

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       � Toxicity value may exceed water solubility

       � Toxicity cutoff for chemicals with a high log Kow

              � Acute: log Kow >5.0

              � Chronic: log Kow >8.0

       � Toxicity cutoff for chemicals with a high MW (>1000)









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 Where to Find Ecotoxicology Data

     Internet

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     International Uniform Chemical Information Database

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       � IUCLID CD-ROM database

       � Available from the European Chemicals Bureau for a fee

       � http://ecb.ei.jrc.it

       � Robust summary type of format

       � Data available for any existing chemicals







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Ecotoxicology Data









  Internet Sources of Ecotoxicology Data

      EPA� ECOTOX database (www.epa.gov/ecotox/)

          s

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      TOXNET (http://nlm.nih.gov/index.html)

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        � Hazardous Substance Data Bank (HSDB)

        � Toxline

      CHEMFINDER

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        � Good source of general information and links

        � Search at http://chemfinder.cambridgesoft.com/







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Ecotoxicology Data









Internet Sources of Ecotoxicology Data

      TSCATS (TSCA Test Submissions)

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        � Search at http://rtk.net/tscatsinputstandard.html

      8(e) Triage Database

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        � Searchable database of 8(e) studies

        � Download database at http://epa.gov/docs/8e_triag/









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Ecotoxicology Data









Internet Sources of Ecotoxicology Data

     EXTOXNET

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       � Pesticide data

       � Search at http://ace.ace.orst.edu/info/extoxnet/ghindex.html

     National Pesticide Telecommunications Network

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       � Search NPTN at http://ace.orst.edu.info/nptn/index.html

     INGENTA

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       � Search for and order reference articles in journals

       � Search at http://www.ingenta.com



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