STAINLESS STEELS
Properties 鈥? How To Weld Them 鈥? Where To Use Them
TABLE OF
STAINLESS STEELS
CONTENTS
PROPERTIES 鈥?
HOW TO WELD THEM
1.0 Introduction ........................ 2
WHERE TO USE THEM 2.0 Types of Stainless Steels... 2
2.1 Ferrite Promoters
2.2 Austenite Promoters
A description of the physical and mechanical properties of a 2.3 Neutral Effect
variety of commercial stainless steels. Recommendations on the
3.0 Weldability of Stainless
applications of each type and how to arc weld each including Steels ....................................2
filler materials. 3.1 Ferritic Stainless Steels
3.2 Martensitic Stainless
Steels
By
3.3 Austenitic Stainless
Damian Kotecki, PhD
Steels
Technical Director, Stainless and High Alloy
3.3.1 Sensitization
Product Development 3.3.2 Hot Cracking
3.4 Precipitation Hardening
and Stainless Steels
3.5 Duplex Stainless Steels
Frank Armao
Senior Application Engineer 4.0 Physical Properties .......... 10
5.0 Mechanical Properties ..... 10
6.0 Selection of a Stainless
Steel ....................................12
7.0 Design for Welding
Stainless Steels ..................14
8.0 Selection of Filler Metals ...14
9.0 Selection of a Welding
Process ...............................18
9.1 Shielded Metal Arc
Welding
9.2 Submerged Arc Welding
9.3 Gas Metal Arc Welding
9.4 Flux Cored Arc Welding
9.5 Gas Tungsten Arc
Welding
10.0 Procedures for Welding
Stainless Steels ..................21
10.1 Welding with the Shielded
Metal Arc Process
10.2 Welding with the
Submerged Arc Process
10.3 Welding with the Gas
Metal Arc Process
10.4 Welding with the Gas
Tungsten Arc Process
Sources of Additional
Copyright 漏 2003 Information
by The Lincoln Electric Company
Safety in Welding
All Rights Reserved
WELDING OF STAINLESS STEELS
1.0 3.0
a solution and aging heat treatment.
They are further classified into sub
INTRODUCTION WELDABILITY
groups as martensitic, semiaustenitic
and austenitic precipitation hardening
OF STAINLESS
stainless steels. They are identified
Stainless steels are defined as iron
STEELS
as the 600-series of stainless steels
base alloys which contain at least (e.g., 630, 631, 660).
10.5% chromium. The thin but
The alloying elements which appear
dense chromium oxide film which Most stainless steels are considered
in stainless steels are classed as
forms on the surface of a stainless to have good weldability and may be
ferrite promoters and austenite
steel provides corrosion resistance welded by several welding processes
promoters and are listed below.
and prevents further oxidation. There including the arc welding processes,
are five types of stainless steels resistance welding, electron and
2.
1
depending on the other alloying laser beam welding, friction welding
additions present, and they range FERRITE PROMOTERS and brazing. For any of these
from fully austenitic to fully ferritic. processes, joint surfaces and any
filler metal must be clean.
Chromium 鈥? provides basic
The coefficient of thermal expansion
corrosion resistance.
2.0 for the austenitic types is 50%
Molybdenum 鈥? provides high
TYPES OF greater than that of carbon steel and
temperature strength and increases this must be considered to minimize
STAINLESS corrosion resistance. distortion. The low thermal and
electrical conductivity of austenitic
STEELS Niobium (Columbium), Titanium 鈥?
stainless steel is generally helpful in
strong carbide formers.
welding. Less welding heat is
2.2 required to make a weld because the
Austenitic stainless steels include
heat is not conducted away from a
the 200 and 300 series of which AUSTENITE joint as rapidly as in carbon steel. In
type 304 is the most common. The
PROMOTERS resistance welding, lower current can
primary alloying additions are
be used because resistivity is higher.
chromium and nickel. Ferritic
Stainless steels which require special
stainless steels are non-hardenable Nickel 鈥? provides high temperature
welding procedures are discussed in
Fe-Cr alloys. Types 405, 409, 430, strength and ductility.
later sections.
422 and 446 are representative of
Carbon 鈥? carbide former,
this group. Martensitic stainless
strengthener.
steels are similar in composition to
3.
1
the ferritic group but contain higher Nitrogen 鈥? increases strength,
FERRITIC
carbon and lower chromium to reduces toughness.
STAINLESS STEELS
permit hardening by heat treatment.
2.3
Types 403, 410, 416 and 420 are
representative of this group. Duplex
NEUTRAL EFFECT The ferritic stainless steels contain
stainless steels are supplied with a
10.5 to 30% Cr, up to 0.20% C and
microstructure of approximately equal
sometimes ferrite promoters Al, Nb
鈥? Regarding Austenite & Ferrite
amounts of ferrite and austenite.
(Cb), Ti and Mo. They are ferritic at
They contain roughly 24% chromium
Manganese 鈥? sulfide former all temperatures, do not transform to
and 5% nickel. Their numbering
austenite and therefore, are not
Silicon 鈥? wetting agent
system is not included in the 200,
hardenable by heat treatment. This
300 or 400 groups. Precipitation
Sulfur and Selenium 鈥? improve group includes the more common
hardening stainless steels contain
machinability, cause hot types 405, 409, 430, 442 and 446.
alloying additions such as aluminum
cracking in welds. Table I lists the nominal composition
which allow them to be hardened by
2
TABLE I 鈥? Nominal Compositions of Ferritic Stainless Steels
Composition - Percent *
UNS
Type Number C Mn Si Cr Ni P S Other
405 S40500 0.08 1.00 1.00 11.5-14.5 0.04 0.03 0.10-0.30 Al
409 S40900 0.08 1.00 1.00 10.5-11.75 0.045 0.045 6 x %C min. TI
429 S42900 0.12 1.00 1.00 14.0-16.0 0.04 0.03
430 S43000 0.12 1.00 1.00 16.0-18.0 0.04 0.03
430F** S43020 0.12 1.25 1.00 16.0-18.0 0.06 0.15 min. 0.06 Mo
430FSe** S43023 0.12 1.25 1.00 16.0-18.0 0.06 0.06 0.15 min. Se
430Ti S43036 0.10 1.00 1.00 16.0-19.5 0.75 0.04 0.03 5 x %C - Ti min.
434 S43400 0.12 1.00 1.00 16.0-18.0 0.04 0.03 0.75-1.25 Mo
436 S43600 0.12 1.00 1.00 16.0-18.0 0.04 0.03 0.75-1.25 Mo;
5 x %C min.
Nb(Cb) + Ta
442 S44200 0.20 1.00 1.00 18.0-23.0 0.04 0.03
444 S44400 0.025 1.00 1.00 17.5-19.5 1.00 0.04 0.03 1.75-2.5 Mo, 0.035 N
0.2 + 4 (%C + %N);
(Ti +Nb(Cb) )
446 S44600 0.20 1.50 1.00 23.0-27.0 0.04 0.03 0.25 N
18-2FM** S18200 0.08 2.50 1.00 17.5-19.5 0.04 0.15 min.
18SR 0.04 0.3 1.00 18.0 2.0 Al; 0.4 Ti
26-1 S44625 0.01 0.40 0.40 25.0-27.5 0.50 0.02 0.02 0.75-1.5 Mo; 0.015N;
(E-Brite) 0.2 Cu; 0.5 (Ni+Cu)
26-1Ti S44626 0.06 0.75 0.75 25.0-27.0 0.5 0.04 0.02 0.75-1.5 Mo; 0.04 N;
0.2 Cu; 0.2-1.0 Ti
29-4 S44700 0.01 0.30 0.20 28.0-30.0 0.15 0.025 0.02 3.5-4.2 Mo
29-4-2 S44800 0.01 0.30 0.20 28.0-30.0 2.0-2.5 0.025 0.02 3.5-4.2 Mo
Monit S44635 0.25 1.00 0.75 24.5-26.0 3.5-4.5 0.04 0.03 3.5-4.5 Mo;
0.3-0.6 (Ti + Nb(Cb) )
Sea-cure/ S44660 0.025 1.00 0.75 25.0-27.0 1.5-3.5 0.04 0.03 2.5-3.5 Mo;
Sc-1 0.2 + 4 (%C + %N)
(Ti + Nb(Cb) )
*Single values are maximum values. (From ASM Metals Handbook, Ninth Edition, Volume 3)
**These grades are generally
considered to be unweldable.
3.2
of a number of standard and several Chromium and carbon content of the
non-standard ferritic stainless steels. filler metal should generally match
MARTENSITIC
They are characterized by weld and these elements in the base metal.
STAINLESS STEELS
HAZ grain growth which can result in Type 410 filler is available as covered
low toughness of welds. electrode, solid wire and cored wire
and can be used to weld types 402,
The martensitic stainless steels
To weld the ferritic stainless steels,
410, 414 and 420 steels. Type
contain 11 to 18% Cr, up to 1.20% C
filler metals should be used which
410NiMo filler metal can also be
and small amounts of Mn and Ni
match or exceed the Cr level of the
used. When it is necessary to match
and, sometimes, Mo. These steels
base alloy. Type 409 is available as
the carbon in Type 420 steel, Type
will transform to austenite on heating
metal cored wire and Type 430 is
420 filler, which is available as solid
and, therefore, can be hardened by
available in all forms. Austenitic
wire and cored wire, should be used.
formation of martensite on cooling.
Types 309 and 312 may be used for
Types 308, 309 and 310 austenitic
This group includes Types 403, 410,
dissimilar joints. To minimize grain
filler metals can be used to weld the
414, 416, 420, 422, 431 and 440.
growth, weld heat input should be
martensitic steels to themselves or to
Both standard and non-standard
minimized, Preheat should be limited
other steels where good as-
martensitic stainless steels are listed
to 300-450掳F and used only for the
deposited toughness is required.
in Table II. They have a tendency
higher carbon ferritic stainless steels
toward weld cracking on cooling
(e.g., 430, 434, 442 and 446). Many Preheating and interpass temperature
when hard brittle martensite is
of the highly alloyed ferritic stainless in the 400 to 600掳F (204 to 316掳C)
formed.
steels are only available in sheet and range is recommended for most
tube forms and are usually welded
3
by GTA without filler metal.
TABLE II 鈥? Nominal Compositions of Martensitic Stainless Steels
UNS Composition - Percent *
Type Number C Mn Si Cr Ni P S Other
403 S40300 0.15 1.00 0.50 11.5-13.0 0.04 0.03
410 S41000 0.15 1.00 1.00 11.5-13.0 0.04 0.03
410Cb S41040 0.18 1.00 1.00 11.5-13.5 0.04 0.03 0.05-0.3 Nb(Cb)
410S S41008 0.08 1.00 1.00 11.5-13.5 0.6 0.04 0.03
414 S41400 0.15 1.00 1.00 11.5-13.5 1.25-2.50 0.04 0.03
414L 0.06 0.50 0.15 12.5-13.0 2.5-3.0 0.04 0.03 0.5 Mo; 0.03 Al
416 S41600 0.15 1.25 1.00 12.0-14.0 0.04 0.03 0.6 Mo
416Se** S41623 0.15 1.25 1.00 12.0-14.0 0.06 0.06 0.15 min. Se
416 Plus X** S41610 0.15 1.5-2.5 1.00 12.0-14.0 0.06 0.15 min. 0.6 Mo
420 S42000 0.15 min. 1.00 1.00 12.0-14.0 0.04 0.03
420F** S42020 0.15 min. 1.25 1.00 12.0-14.0 0.06 0.15 min. 0.6 Mo
422 S42200 0.20-0.25 1.00 0.75 11.0-13.0 0.5-1.0 0.025 0.025 0.75-1.25 Mo;
0.75-1.25 W;
0.15-0.3 V
431 S43100 0.20 1.00 1.00 15.0-17.0 1.25-2.50 0.04 0.03
440A S44002 0.60-0.75 1.00 1.00 16.0-18.0 0.04 0.03 0.75 Mo
440B S44003 0.75-0.95 1.00 1.00 16.0-18.0 0.04 0.03 0.75 Mo
440C S44004 0.95-1.20 1.00 1.00 16.0-18.0 0.04 0.03 0.75 Mo
*Single values are maximum values. (From ASM Metals Handbook, Ninth Edition, Volume 3)
**These grades are generally
considered to be unweldable.
martensitic stainless steels. Steels discussed further. To achieve this, boundaries, thereby reducing the
with over 0.20% C often require a Type 308 is used for Type 302 and corrosion resistance of these local
post weld heat treatment to soften 304 and Type 347 for Type 321. The areas. This problem can be
and toughen the weld. others should be welded with remedied by using low carbon base
matching filler. Type 347 can also be material and filler material to reduce
welded with Type 308H filler. These the amount of carbon available to
3.3 filler materials are available as coated combine with chromium. Welds
electrodes, solid bare wire and cored should be made without preheat and
AUSTENITIC wire. Type 321 is available on a with minimum heat input to shorten
STAINLESS STEEL limited basis as solid and cored wire. the time in the sensitization
temperature range.
Two problems are associated with
The austenitic stainless steels contain welds in the austenitic stainless The degree of carbide precipitation
16-26% Cr, 8-24% Ni + Mn, up to steels: 1) sensitization of the weld increases with:
0.40% C and small amounts of a few heat affected zone, and 2) hot
1. Higher carbon content (for
other elements such as Mo, Ti, Nb cracking of weld metal.
example, because 301 and 302
(Cb) and Ta. The balance between
grades have a maximum carbon
the Cr and Ni + Mn is normally
content of 0.15% they are more
adjusted to provide a microstructure 3.3. SENSITIZATION:
1 susceptible to carbon precipitation
of 90-100% austenite. These alloys
than grade 304 which has a
are characterized by good strength
maximum carbon content of only
Sensitization leads to intergranular
and high toughness over a wide
0.08%).
corrosion in the heat affected zone as
temperature range and oxidation
shown in Figure 1. Sensitization is
resistance to over 1000掳F (538掳C). 2. Time at the critical mid-range
caused by chromium carbide
This group includes Types 302, 304, temperatures 鈥? a few seconds at
formation and precipitation at grain
310, 316, 321 and 347. Nominal 1200掳F (649掳C) can do more
boundaries in the heat affected zone
composition of these and other damage than several minutes at
when heated in the 800 to 1600掳F
austenitic stainless steels are listed in 850掳F (454掳C) or 1450掳F (788掳C).
(427 to 871掳C) temperature range.
Table III. Filler metals for these
Welding naturally produces a
Since most carbon is found near
alloys should generally match the
temperature gradient in the steel. It
grain boundaries, chromium carbide
base metal but for most alloys,
ranges from melting temperature at
formation removes some chromium
provide a microstructure with some
the weld to room temperature some
from solution near the grain
ferrite to avoid hot cracking as will be
4
distance from the weld. A narrow the chromium in solution to provide Stabilized Grades (321, 347, 348)
zone on each side of the weld corrosion resistance. Type 321 con-
Stabilized grades contain small
remains in the sensitizing tains titanium and Type 347 contains
amounts of titanium (321), niobium
temperature range for sufficient time niobium (columbium) and tantalum,
(columbium) (347), or a combination
for precipitation to occur. If used in all of which are stronger carbide
of niobium and tantalum (347, 348).
severely corrosive conditions, lines of formers than chromium.
These elements have a stronger
damaging corrosion appear
ELC 鈥? Extra Low Carbon 鈥? affinity for carbon then does
alongside each weld.
Grades (304L, 308L) chromium, so they combine with the
Control of Carbide Precipitation carbon leaving the chromium to
The 0.04% maximum carbon
provide corrosion resistance.
The amount of carbide precipitation content of ELC grades helps
is reduced by promoting rapid eliminate damaging carbide These grades are most often used in
cooling. Fortunately, the copper chill precipitation caused by welding. severe corrosive conditions when
bars, skip welding and other These grades are most often used service temperatures reach the
techniques needed to control for weldments which operate in sensitizing range. They are welded
distortion in sheet metal (see pg 34) severe corrosive conditions at with the niobium stabilized
help reduce carbide precipitation. temperatures under 800掳F (427掳C). electrodes, AWS E347 -XX.
Annealing the weldment at 1900掳F
ELC steels are generally welded with Type 321 electrodes are not
(1038掳C) or higher, followed by water
the ELC electrode, AWS E308L-XX. generally made because titanium is
quench, eliminates carbide
Although the stabilized electrodes lost in the arc. AWS E347 -XX is
precipitation, but this is an expensive
AWS E347 -XX produce welds of usually quite satisfactory for joining
and often impractical procedure.
equal resistance to carbide type 321 base metal.
Therefore, when weldments operate
precipitation and similar mechanical
in severe corrosive applications or Molybdenum Grades
properties, the ELC electrode welds (316, 316L, 317, 317L, D319)
within the sensitizing temperature
tend to be less crack sensitive on
range, either ELC or stablilized Molybdenum in stainless steel
heavy sections and have better low
grades are needed. increases the localized corrosion
temperature notch toughness.
resistance to many chemicals. These
Another remedy is to use stabilized
The low carbon content in ELC steels are particularly effective in
stainless steel base metal and filler
grades leaves more chromium to combatting pitting corrosion. Their
materials which contain elements
provide resistance to intergranular most frequent use is in industrial
that will react with carbon, leaving all
corrosion.
5
FIGURE 1
TABLE III 鈥? Nominal Compositions of Austenitic Stainless Steels
UNS Composition - Percent *
Type Number C Mn Si Cr Ni P S Other
201 S20100 0.15 5.5-7.5 1.00 16.0-18.0 3.5-5.5 0.06 0.03 0.25 N
202 S20200 0.15 7.5-10.0 1.00 17.0-19.0 4.0-6.0 0.06 0.03 0.25 N
205 S20500 0.12-0.25 14.0-15.5 1.00 16.5-18.0 1.0-1.75 0.06 0.03 0.32-0.40 N
216 S21600 0.08 7.5-9.0 1.00 17.5-22.0 5.0-7.0 0.045 0.03 2.0-3.0 Mo; 0.25-0.5 N
301 S30100 0.15 2.00 1.00 16.0-18.0 6.0-8.0 0.045 0.03
302 S30200 0.15 2.00 1.00 17.0-19.0 8.0-10.0 0.045 0.03
302B S30215 0.15 2.00 2.0-3.0 17.0-19.0 8.0-10.0 0.045 0.03
303** S30300 0.15 2.00 1.00 17.0-19.0 8.0-10.0 0.20 0.15 min. 0.6 Mo
303Se** S30323 0.15 2.00 1.00 17.0-19.0 8.0-10.0 0.20 0.06 0.15 min. Se
304 S30400 0.08 2.00 1.00 18.0-20.0 8.0-10.5 0.045 0.03
304H S30409 0.04-0.10 2.00 1.00 18.0-20.0 8.0-10.5 0.045 0.03
304L S30403 0.03 2.00 1.00 18.0-20.0 8.0-12.0 0.045 0.03
304LN S30453 0.03 2.00 1.00 18.0-20.0 8.0-10.5 0.045 0.03 0.10-0.15 N
S30430 S30430 0.08 2.00 1.00 17.0-19.0 8.0-10.0 0.045 0.03 3.0-4.0 Cu
304N S30451 0.08 2.00 1.00 18.0-20.0 8.0-10.5 0.045 0.03 0.10-0.16 N
304HN S30452 0.04-0.10 2.00 1.00 18.0-20.0 8.0-10.5 0.045 0.03 0.10-0.16 N
305 S30500 0.12 2.00 1.00 17.0-19.0 10.5-13.0 0.045 0.03
308 S30800 0.08 2.00 1.00 19.0-21.0 10.0-12.0 0.045 0.03
308L 0.03 2.00 1.00 19.0-21.0 10.0-12.0 0.045 0.03
309 S30900 0.20 2.00 1.00 22.0-24.0 12.0-15.0 0.045 0.03
309S S30908 0.08 2.00 1.00 22.0-24.0 12.0-15.0 0.045 0.03
309S Cb S30940 0.08 2.00 1.00 22.0-24.0 12.0-15.0 0.045 0.03 8 x %C - Nb(Cb)
309 Cb + Ta 0.08 2.00 1.00 22.0-24.0 12.0-15.0 0.045 0.03 8 x %C (Nb(Cb) + Ta)
310 S31000 0.25 2.00 1.50 24.0-26.0 19.0-22.0 0.045 0.03
310S S31008 0.08 2.00 1.50 24.0-26.0 19.0-22.0 0.045 0.03
312 0.15 2.00 1.00 30.0 nom. 9.0 nom. 0.045 0.03
254SMo S31254 0.020 1.00 0.80 19.5-20.5 17.50-18.5 0.03 0.010 6.00-6.50Mo; 0.18-0.22N;
Cu=0.5-1.00
314 S31400 0.25 2.00 1.5-3.0 23.0-26.0 19.0-22.0 0.045 0.03
316 S31600 0.08 2.00 1.00 16.0-18.0 10.0-14.0 0.045 0.03 2.0-3.0 Mo
316F** S31620 0.08 2.00 1.00 16.0-18.0 10.0-14.0 0.20 0.10 min. 1.75-2.5 Mo
316H S31609 0.04-0.10 2.00 1.00 16.0-18.0 10.0-14.0 0.045 0.03 2.0-3.0 Mo
316L S31603 0.03 2.00 1.00 16.0-18.0 10.0-14.0 0.045 0.03 2.0-3.0 Mo
316LN S31653 0.03 2.00 1.00 16.0-18.0 10.0-14.0 0.045 0.03 2.0-3.0 Mo; 0.10-0.30 N
316N S31651 0.08 2.00 1.00 16.0-18.0 10.0-14.0 0.045 0.03 2.0-3.0 Mo; 0.10-0.16 N
317 S31700 0.08 2.00 1.00 18.0-20.0 11.0-15.0 0.045 0.03 3.0-4.0 Mo
317L S31703 0.03 2.00 1.00 18.0-20.0 11.0-15.0 0.045 0.03 3.0-4.0 Mo
317M S31725 0.03 2.00 1.00 18.0-20.0 12.0-16.0 0.045 0.03 4.0-5.0 Mo
321 S32100 0.08 2.00 1.00 17.0-19.0 9.0-12.0 0.045 0.03 5 x %C min. Ti
321H S32109 0.04-0.10 2.00 1.00 17.0-19.0 9.0-12.0 0.045 0.03 5 x %C min. Ti
329 S32900 0.10 2.00 1.00 25.0-30.0 3.0-6.0 0.045 0.03 1.0-2.0 Mo
330 N08330 0.08 2.00 0.75-1.5 17.0-20.0 34.0-37.0 0.04 0.03
AL6-XN N80367 0.030 2.00 1.00 20.0-22.0 23.5-25.5 0.04 0.03 6.00-7.00Mo; 0.18-0.25N;
Cu=0.75
330HC 0.40 1.50 1.25 19.0 nom. 35.0 nom.
332 0.04 1.00 0.50 21.5 nom. 32.0 nom. 0.045 0.03
347 S34700 0.08 2.00 1.00 17.0-19.0 9.0-13.0 0.045 0.03 10 x %C min. Nb(Cb) +Ta
347H S34709 0.04-0.10 2.00 1.00 17.0-19.0 9.0-13.0 0.045 0.03 10 x %C min. Nb(Cb) + Ta
348 S34800 0.08 2.00 1.00 17.0-19.0 9.0-13.0 0.045 0.03 0.2 Cu; 10 x %C min. Nb(Cb) + Ta(c)
348H S34809 0.04-0.10 2.00 1.00 17.0-19.0 9.0-13.0 0.045 0.03 0.2 Cu; 10 x %C min. Nb(Cb) + Ta
384 S38400 0.08 2.00 1.00 15.0-17.0 17.0-19.0 0.045 0.03
Nitronic 32 S24100 0.10 12.0 0.50 18.0 1.6 0.35 N
Nitronic 33 S24000 0.06 13.0 0.5 18.0 3.0 0.30 N
Nitronic 40 S21900 0.08 8.0-10.0 1.00 18.0-20.0 5.0-7.0 0.06 0.03 0.15-0.40 N
Nitronic 50 S20910 0.06 4.0-6.0 1.00 20.5-23.5 11.5-13.5 0.04 0.03 1.5-3.0 Mo; 0.2-0.4 N;
0.1-0.3 Cb; 0.1-0.3 V
6
Nitronic 60 S21800 0.10 7.0-9.0 3.5-4.5 16.0-18.0 8.0-9.0 0.04 0.03 1.5-3.0 Mo; 0.2-0.4 N;
**These grades are generally
*Single values are maximum values. (From ASM Metals Handbook, Ninth Edition, Volume 3)
considered to be unweldable.
processing equipment. 316 and E310-XX welds on heavy plate tend cracks will appear as the weld cools
316L are welded with AWS E316L- to be more crack sensitive than and shrinkage stresses develop.
XX electrodes. E309-XX weld metals.
Hot cracking can be prevented by
316L and 317L are ELC grades that Free Machining Grades adjusting the composition of the
(303, 303Se)
must be welded with ELC type base material and filler material to
electrodes to maintain resistance to obtain a microstructure with a small
Production welding of these grades
carbide precipitation. 317 and 317L amount of ferrite in the austenite
is not recommended because the
are generally welded with E317 or matrix. The ferrite provides ferrite-
sulfur or selenium and phosphorus
E317L electrodes respectively. They austenite grain boundaries which are
cause severe porosity and hot short
can be welded with AWS E316-XX able to control the sulfur and
cracking.
electrode, but the welds are slightly phosphorous compounds so they do
If welding is necessary, special E312-
lower in molybdenum content than not permit hot cracking. This
XX or E309-XX electrodes are
the base metal with a corresponding problem could be avoided by
recommended because their high
lower corrosion resistance. reducing the S and P to very low
ferrite reduces cracking tendencies. amounts, but this would increase
When hot oxidizing acids are Use techniques that reduce significantly the cost of making the
encountered in service, E316, admixture of base metal into the steel.
E316L, E317 or E317L welds may weld metal and produce convex
have poor corrosion resistance in the Normally a ferrite level of 4 FN
bead shapes.
as-welded condition. In such cases, minimum is recommended to avoid
E309 or E309Cb electrodes may be hot cracking. Ferrite is best
3.3.2 HOT CRACKING:
better. As an alternative, the following determined by measurement with a
heat treatment will restore corrosion magnetic instrument calibrated to
resistance to the weld: AWS A4.2 or ISO 8249. It can also
Hot cracking is caused by low
be estimated from the composition of
1. For 316 or 317 鈥? full anneal at melting materials such as metallic
the base material and filler material
1950-2050掳F (1066-1121掳C). compounds of sulfur and
with the use of any of several consti-
phosphorous which tend to penetrate
2. For 316L and 317L 鈥? stress relieve tution diagrams. The oldest of these
grain boundaries. When these
at 1600掳F (871掳C). is the 1948 Schaeffler Diagram. The
compounds are present in the weld
Cr equivalent (% Cr + % Mo + 1.5 x
High Temperature Grades or heat affected zone, they will
% Si + 0.5 x % Cb) is plotted on
(302B, 304H, 309, penetrate grain boundaries and
309S, 310, 310S)
These high alloy grades
maintain strength at high
temperatures and have
good scaling resistance.
Nieq = Ni + 35C + 20N + 0.25Cu
They are primarily used
in industrial equipment at
high service
temperatures 鈥?
sometimes over 2000掳F
(1093掳C).
AWS E310-XX
electrodes are needed to
match the high
temperature properties
and scaling resistance of
grades 310 and 310S.
302B and 309 grades
are generally welded
with E309-XX
Creq = Cr + Mo + 0.7Cb
electrodes. 304H is
generally welded with
FIGURE 2 鈥? New 1992 WRC diagram including solidification mode boundaries.
E308H-XX electrodes.
(Updated from T.A. Siewert, C.N. McCowan and D.L. Olson 鈥? Welding Journal,
E310-XX electrodes can
December 1988 by D.J. Kotecki and T.A. Siewert - Welding Journal, May 1992.)
be used on light plate.
7
TABLE IV 鈥? Nominal Compositions of Precipitation Hardening and Duplex Stainless Steels
ASTM
UNS Composition - Percent *
A
Type Number C Mn Si Cr Ni P S Other
GRADE
Precipitation-Hardening Types
PH 13-8 Mo S13800 0.05 0.10 0.10 12.25-13.25 7.5-8.5 0.01 0.008 2.0-2.5 Mo;
0.90-1.35 Al; 0.01 N
15-5 PH S15500 0.07 1.00 1.00 14.0-15.5 3.5-5.5 0.04 0.03 2.5-4.5 Cu;
0.15-0.45 Nb(Cb) + Ta
17 PH
-4 S17400 0.07 1.00 1.00 15.5-17.5 3.0-5.0 0.04 0.03 630 3.0-5.0 Cu;
0.15-0.45 Nb(Cb) + Ta
17 PH
-7 S17700 0.09 1.00 1.00 16.0-18.0 6.5-7.75 0.04 0.03 631 0.75-1.15 Al
PH 15-7 Mo S15700 0.09 1.00 1.00 14.0-16.0 6.5-7.75 0.04 0.03 2.0-3.0 Mo; 0.75-1.5 Al
17 P
-10 0.07 0.75 0.50 17.0 10.5 0.28
A286 S66286 0.08 2.00 1.00 13.5-16.0 24.0-27.0 0.040 0.030 660 1.0-1.5 Mo; 2 Ti; 0.3 V
AM350 S35000 0.07-0.11 0.5-1.25 0.50 16.0-17.0 4.0-5.0 0.04 0.03 2.5-3.25 Mo; 0.07 -0.13 N
AM355 S35500 0.10-0.15 0.5-1.25 0.50 15.0-16.0 4.0-5.0 0.04 0.03 2.5-3.25 Mo
AM363 0.04 0.15 0.05 11.0 4.0 0.25 Ti
Custom 450 S45000 0.05 1.00 1.00 14.0-16.0 5.0-7.0 0.03 0.03 1.25-1.75 Cu; 0.5-1.0 Mo
8 x %C - Nb(Cb)
Custom 455 S45500 0.05 0.50 0.50 11.0-12.5 7.5-9.5 0.04 0.03 0.5 Mo; 1.5-2.5 Cu;
0.8-1.4 Ti; 0.1-0.5 Nb(Cb)
Stainless W S17600 0.08 1.00 1.00 16.0-17.5 6.0-7.5 0.04 0.03 0.4 Al; 0.4-1.2 Ti
Duplex Types
2205 S32205 0.03 2.0 1.0 22.0 5.5 0.03 0.02 3.0 Mo; 0.18 N
2304 S32304 0.03 2.5 1.0 23.0 4.0 0.1 N
255 0.04 1.5 1.0 25.5 5.5 3.0 Mo; 0.17 N; 2.0 Cu
NU744LN 0.067 1.7 0.44 21.6 4.9 2.4 Mo; 0.10 N; 0.2 Cu
2507 S32750 0.03 1.2 0.8 25 5.5 0.035 0.020 4 Mo; 0.28 N
*Single values are maximum values. (From ASM Metals Handbook, Ninth Edition, Volume 3) and ASTM A638
the horizontal axis and the nickel (% Ni + 35 x % C + 20 x % N + 0.25 which can be calibrated to AWS A4.2
equivalent (% Ni + 30 x % C + 0.5 x Cu) and Cr equivalent (% Cr + % Mo or ISO 8249 and provide readings in
% Mn) on the vertical axis. Despite + 0.7 x % Cb) differ from those of Ferrite Number.
long use, the Schaeffler Diagram is Schaeffler and WRC-DeLong.
The amount of ferrite normally should
now outdated because it does not
Ferrite Number may be estimated by not be greater than necessary to
consider nitrogen effects and
drawing a horizontal line across the prevent hot cracking with some
because it has not proven possible to
diagram from the nickel equivalent margin of safety. The presence of
establish agreement among several
number and a vertical line from the ferrite can reduce corrosion
measurers as to the ferrite percent in
chromium equivalent number. The resistance in certain media and
a given weld metal.
Ferrite Number is indicated by the excess ferrite can impair ductility and
An improvement on the Schaeffler diagonal line which passes through toughness.
Diagram is the 1973 WRC-DeLong the intersection of the horizontal and
3.4
Diagram, which can be used to vertical lines.
PRECIPITATION
estimate ferrite level. The main
Predictions by the WRC-1992 and
HARDENING
differences are that the DeLong
WRC-DeLong Diagrams for common
Diagram includes nitrogen (N) in the
STAINLESS STEELS
grades like 308 are similar, but the
Ni equivalent (% Ni + 30 x % C x 30
WRC-1992 diagram generally is more
x % N + 0.5 x % Mn) and shows
accurate for higher alloy and less
Ferrite Numbers in addition to There are three categories of precipi-
common grades like high manganese
鈥減ercent ferrite.鈥? Ferrite Numbers at tation hardening stainless steels 鈥?
austenitic or duplex ferritic-austenitic
low levels may approximate 鈥減ercent martensitic, semiaustenitic and
stainless steels.
ferrite.鈥? The most recent diagram, austenitic.
the WRC-1992 Diagram, Figure 2, is Ferrite Number can be measured
The martensitic stainless steels can
considered to be the most accurate directly on weld deposits from the
be hardened by quenching from the
predicting diagram at present. The magnetic properties of the ferrite.
austenitizing temperature [around
WRC-1992 Diagram has replaced the Several instruments are available
1900掳F (1038掳C)] then aging
WRC-DeLong Diagram in the ASME commercially, including the Magne
between 900 to 1150掳F (482 to
Code with publication of the 1994-95 Gage, the Severn Gage, the
621掳C). Since these steels contain
8
Winter Addendum. Its Ni equivalent Inspector Gage and the Ferritescope
less than 0.07% carbon, the marten- amounts of cold work. They are condition, under minimum restraint
site is not very hard and the main hardened only by the aging reaction. and with minimum heat input. Nickel
hardening is obtained from the aging This would include solution treating base alloy filler metals of the NiCrFe
(precipitation) reaction. Examples of between 1800 and 2050掳F (982 to type or conventional austenitic stain-
this group are 17 -4PH, 15-5PH and 1121掳C), oil or water quenching and less steel type are often preferred.
PH13-8Mo. Nominal compositions aging at 1300 to 1350掳F (704 to
of precipitation hardening stainless 732掳C) for up to 24 hours.
3.5
steels are listed in Table IV. Examples of these steels include
DUPLEX
A286 and 17 -10P.
The semiaustenitic stainless steels
STAINLESS STEELS
will not transform to martensite when If maximum strength is required in
cooled from the austenitizing temper- martensitic and semiaustenitic pre-
ature because the martensite cipitation hardening stainless steels, Duplex Ferritic 鈥? Austenitic
transformation temperature is below matching or nearly matching filler Stainless Steels
room temperature. These steels metal should be used and the com-
Duplex stainless steels solidify as
must be given a conditioning ponent, before welding, should be in
100% ferrite, but about half of the
treatment which consists of heating the annealed or solution annealed
ferrite transforms to austenite during
in the range of 1350 to 1750掳F (732 condition. Often, Type 630 filler
cooling through temperatures above
to 954掳C) to precipitate carbon metal, which is nearly identical with
approx. 1900掳F (1040掳C). This
and/or alloy elements as carbides or 17 -4PH base metal, is used for
behavior is accomplished by
intermetallic compounds. This martensitic and semiaustenitic PH
increasing Cr and decreasing Ni as
removes alloy elements from solution, stainlesses. After welding, a
compared to austenitic grades.
thereby destabilizing the austenite, complete solution heat treatment
Nitrogen is deliberately added to
which raises the martensite plus an aging treatment is preferred.
speed up the rate of austenite
transformation temperature so that a If the post weld solution treatment is
formation during cooling. Duplex
martensite structure will be obtained not feasible, the components should
stainless steels are ferromagnetic.
on cooling to room temperature. be solution treated before welding
They combine higher strength than
Aging the steel between 850 and then aged after welding. Thick
austenitic stainless steels with
1100掳F (454 to 593掳C) will stress sections of highly restrained parts
fabrication properties similar to
relieve and temper the martensite to are sometimes welded in the
austenitics, and with resistance to
increase toughness, ductility, hard- overaged condition. These would
chloride stress corrosion cracking of
ness and corrosion resistance. require a full heat treatment after
ferritic stainless steels. The most
Examples of this group are 17 -7PH, welding to attain maximum strength.
common grade is 2205 (UNS
PH 15-7 Mo and AM 350.
The austenitic precipitation hardening S32205), consisting of 22%Cr, 5%Ni,
The austenitic precipitation hardening stainless steels are the most difficult 3%Mo and 0.15%N.
stainless steels remain austenitic after to weld because of hot cracking.
quenching from the solutioning Welding should preferably be done
temperature even after substantial with the parts in the solution treated
TABLE V 鈥? Physical Properties of Groups of Stainless Steels
Austenitic Ferritic Martensitic Precipitation
Property Types Types Types Hardening Types
Elastic Modulus; 106 psi 28.3 29.0 29.0 29.0
GPa 195 200 200 200
Density; lb./in.3 0.29 0.28 0.28 0.28
g/cm3 8.0 7.8 7.8 7.8
Coeff. of Therm. Expansion: 碌in./in. 掳F 9.2 5.8 5.7 6.0
碌m/m 掳C 16.6 10.4 10.3 10.8
Thermal. Conduct.; Btu/hrft. 掳F 9.1 14.5 14.0 12.9
w/mk 15.7 25.1 24.2 22.3
Specific Heat; Btu/lb. 掳F 0.12 0.11 0.11 0.11
J/k 掳K 500 460 460 460
Electrical Resistivity, 碌鈩m 74 61 61 80
Magnetic Permeability 1.02 600-1,100 700-1000 95
Melting Range 掳F 2,500-2,650 2,600-2,790 2,600-2,790 2,560-2,625
掳C 1,375-1,450 1,425-1,530 1,425-1,530 1,400-1,440
9
TABLE VI 鈥? Properties of Austenitic Stainless Steels
Tensile Strength 0.2% Yield Strength Elong. R.A. Hardness
Type Condition Ksi MPa Ksi MPa % % Rockwell
201 Anneal 115 793 55 379 55 B90
201 Full Hard 185 1275 140 965 4 C41
202 Anneal 105 724 55 379 55 B90
301 Anneal 110 758 40 276 60 B85
301 Full Hard 185 1275 140 965 8 C41
302 Anneal 90 620 37 255 55 65 B82
302B Anneal 95 655 40 276 50 65 B85
303 Anneal 90 620 35 241 50 55 B84
304 Anneal 85 586 35 241 55 65 B80
304L Anneal 80 552 30 207 55 65 B76
304N Anneal 85 586 35 241 30
304LN Anneal 80 552 30 207
305 Anneal 85 586 37 255 55 70 B82
308 Anneal 85 586 35 241 55 65 B80
308L Anneal 80 551 30 207 55 65 B76
309 Anneal 90 620 40 276 45 65 B85
310 Anneal 95 655 40 276 45 65 B87
312 Anneal 95 655 20
314 Anneal 100 689 50 345 45 60 B87
316 Anneal 85 586 35 241 55 70 B80
316L Anneal 78 538 30 207 55 65 B76
316F Anneal 85 586 35 241 55 70 B80
317 Anneal 90 620 40 276 50 55 B85
317L Anneal 85 586 35 241 50 55 B80
321 Anneal 87 599 35 241 55 65 B80
347/348 Anneal 92 634 35 241 50 65 B84
329 Anneal 105 724 80 552 25 50 B98
330 Anneal 80 550 35 241 30 B80
330HC Anneal 85 586 42 290 45 65
332 Anneal 80 552 35 241 45 70
384 Anneal 80 550
(From ASM Metals Handbook, 8th Edition, Volume 1; and 9th Edition, Volume 3 and ASTM standards)
4.0 stainless steel, it can be found in the ferritic stainless steels but lower yield
ASM Metals Handbook, Ninth strengths. Reduction in area is
PHYSICAL Edition, Volume 3. about the same for both groups.
Nominal mechanical properties of
PROPERTIES martensitic stainless steels in both
the annealed and tempered condition
5.0 are listed in Table VIII. The
Average physical properties for each
MECHANICAL tempered condition involves heating
of the main groups of stainless steel
to austenitize, cooling to form
PROPERTIES
are listed in Table V. This includes
martensite and reheating to the
elastic modulus, density, coefficient
indicated temperature to increase
of thermal expansion, thermal con-
toughness. Table IX lists the
ductivity, specific heat, electrical Nominal mechanical properties of
mechanical properties of the precipi-
resistivity, magnetic permeability and austenitic and ferritic stainless steels
tation hardening stainless steels as
melting range. These values should in the annealed condition are listed in
solution annealed and after aging
be close enough for most engineer- Table VI and Table VII respectively.
treatments at the temperature
ing purposes. If more precise data is The austenitic stainless steels
indicated. Properties of three duplex
required for a particular type of generally have higher tensile
stainless steels are included.
strengths and elongation than the
10
TABLE VII 鈥? Nominal Mechanical Properties of Ferritic Stainless Steels
Tensile Strength 0.2% Yield Strength Elong. R.A. Hardness
Type Condition Ksi MPa Ksi MPa % % Rockwell
405 Anneal 70 480 40 275 30 60 B80
409 Anneal 65 450 35 240 25 B75M
429 Anneal 71 490 45 310 30 65 B88M
430 Anneal 75 515 45 310 30 60 B82
430F Anneal 80 550 55 380 25 60 B86
430Ti Anneal 75 515 45 310 30 65
434 Anneal 77 530 53 365 23 B83M
436 Anneal 77 530 53 365 23 B83M
442 Anneal 80 550 45 310 25 50 B85
444 Anneal 60 415 40 275 20 B95M
446 Anneal 80 550 50 345 23 50 B86
26-1EBrite Anneal 65 450 40 275 22 B90M
26-1Ti Anneal 68 470 45 310 20 B95M
29-4 Anneal 80 550 60 415 20 B98M
29-4-2 Anneal 80 550 60 415 20 B98M
18SR Anneal 90 620 65 450 25 B90
Monit Anneal 94 650 80 550 20 B100M
Sea-cure/SC-1 Anneal 80 550 55 380 20 B100M
M = Maximum (From ASM Metals Handbook, 8th Edition, Volume 1; and 9th Edition, Volume 3)
TABLE VIII 鈥? Nominal Mechanical Properties of Martensitic Stainless Steels
Tensile Strength 0.2% Yield Strength Elong. R.A. Hardness
Type Condition Ksi MPa Ksi MPa % % Rockwell
403 Anneal 75 517 40 276 30 65 B82
403 *Temp. 800掳F 195 1344 150 1034 17 55 C41
410 Anneal 75 517 40 276 30 65 B82
410 *Temp. 800掳F 195 1344 150 1034 17 55 C41
410S Anneal 60 414 30 207 22 B95M
410Cb Anneal 70 483 40 276 13 45
410Cb *Temp. (Int.) 125 862 100 689 13 45
414 Anneal 120 827 95 655 17 55 C22
414 *Temp. 800掳F 200 1379 150 1034 16 58 C43
414L Anneal 115 793 80 552 20 60
416 Plus X Anneal 75 517 40 276 30 60
420 Anneal 95 655 50 345 25 55 B92
420 *Temp. 600掳F 230 1586 195 1344 8 25 C50
422 Temp., Int. 140 965 110 758 13 30
431 Anneal 125 862 95 655 20 60 C24
431 *Temp. 800掳F 205 1413 155 1069 15 60 C43
440A Anneal 105 724 60 414 20 45 B95
440A *Temp. 600掳F 260 1793 240 1655 5 20 C51
440B Anneal 107 738 62 427 18 35 B96
440B *Temp. 600掳F 280 1931 270 1862 3 15 C55
440C Anneal 110 758 65 448 13 25 B97
440C *Temp. 600掳F 285 1965 275 1896 2 10 C57
*Tempered after austentizing and cooling to room temperature.
M = Maximum (600掳F = 315掳C)
Int. = Intermediate temper hot finished (800掳F = 427掳C)
(From ASM Metals Handbook, 8th Edition, Volume 1; and 9th Edition, Volume 3)
11
TABLE IX 鈥? Nominal Mechanical Properties of Precipitation Hardening and Duplex Stainless Steels
Tensile Strength 0.2% Yield Strength Elong. R.A. Hardness
Type Condition Ksi MPa Ksi MPa % % Rockwell
Precipitation Hardening Types
Ph13-8 Mo H950 220 1517 205 1413 8 45 C45
15-5PH H900 190 1310 170 1172 10 35 C44
15-5PH H1150 135 931 105 724 16 50 C32
17-4PH Sol. Ann. 150 1034 110 758 10 45 C33
17-4PH H900 200 1379 178 1227 12 48 C44
17 -7PH Sol. Ann. 130 896 40 276 35 B85
17 -7PH RH950 235 1620 220 1517 6 C48
PH15-7 Mo Sol. Ann. 130 896 55 379 35 B88
PH15-7 Mo RH950 240 1655 225 1551 6 25 C48
17 -10P Sol. Ann. 89 613 37 255 70 76 B82
17 -10P H1300 143 986 98 676 20 32 C32
A286 H1350 130 896 85 586 15
AM350 Sol. Ann. 160 1103 55 379 40 B95
AM350 DA 195 1344 155 1069 10.5 C41
AM355 Sol. Ann. 175 1207 65 448 30 B95
AM355 DA 195 1344 155 1069 10 C41
Custom 450 Anneal 125 862 95 655 10 40 C30
Custom 450 H900 180 1241 170 1172 10 40 C40
Custom 455 H900 235 1620 220 1517 8 30 C47
Stainless W Sol. Ann. 120 827 75 517 7 C30
Stainless W H950 195 1344 180 1241 7 25 C46
Duplex Types
2205 120 827 65 448 25
2304 110 758 60 414 25
255 110 758 80 552 15
2507 116 800 80 550 15
From ASM Metals Handbook, 8th Edition, Volume 1; and 9th Edition, Volume 3
6.0 is made by the designer of the of many metals and alloys in many
equipment or component based on kinds of corrosive media. This
SELECTION OF A his knowledge, experience and data information on stainless steels is
on corrosion behavior of various available from several sources which
STAINLESS STEEL alloys in the environment of interest. are listed as references.
The responsibility of the welding
Other factors which must be
engineer normally does not include
The selection of a particular type considered in selecting a stainless
selection of the base alloy, only
stainless steel will depend on what is steel are resistance to pitting, crevice
selection of the filler material, welding
required by the application. In most corrosion and intergranular attack.
process and welding procedure.
cases the primary consideration is Intergranular attack is caused by
corrosion resistance, tarnish If it becomes necessary for the carbide precipitation in weld heat
resistance or oxidation resistance at welding engineer to select a base affected zones and methods of
elevated temperature. In addition to alloy, information should be gathered preventing this problem were
these requirements, the selected on the service environment, expected discussed previously. If the
stainless steel must have some life of the part and extent of corrosion application involves service at
minimum mechanical properties such which is acceptable. To assist in this elevated temperature, then elevated
as strength, toughness, ductility and selection, Table X lists corrosion temperature mechanical properties
fatigue strength. Several types and resistance of several standard types such as creep strength, stress
grades of stainless steel may provide of stainless steel to a number of rupture strength and oxidation
the corrosion resistance and corrosive media. This indicates that resistance must be considered.
mechanical properties required. In austenitic types and higher chromium
With the corrosion and oxidation test
this case the final selection should types generally are more corrosion
data derived from the handbooks
be made on the basis of the lowest resistant than the martensitic and
and other references, a stainless
cost available alloy which will fulfill lower chromium ferritic types. A
steel or other alloy may be selected
the service requirements. Generally, great deal of test data has been
for a particular application. Once the
selection of the type of stainless steel
12
generated on the corrosion behavior
TABLE X 鈥? Corrosion Resistance of Stainless Steel in Various Environments
Type Atmospheric
Stainless Fresh Salt
Austenitic Industrial Marine City Rural Water Water Soil Chemical
201 5 2 1 1 1 3 7
202 5 2 1 1 1 3 7
205 5 2 1 1 1 3 7
301 5 2 1 1 1 3 7
302 5 2 1 1 1 3 7
302B 5 2 1 1 1 3 7
303 5 2 1 1 1 3 7
303Se 5 2 1 1 1 3 7
304 5 2 1 1 1 3 3 7
304H 5 2 1 1 1 3 3 7
304L 5 2 1 1 1 3 3 7
304N 5 2 1 1 1 3 3 7
305 5 2 1 1 1 3 7
308 5 2 1 1 1 3 7
309 5 2 1 1 1 3 3 7
309S 5 2 1 1 1 3 3 7
310 5 2 1 1 1 3 3 7
310S 5 2 1 1 1 3 3 7
314 5 2 1 1 1 7
316 3 1 1 1 1 3 1 7
316F 3 1 1 1 1 3 1 7
316H 3 1 1 1 1 3 1 7
316L 3 1 1 1 1 3 1 7
316N 3 1 1 1 1 3 1 7
317 3 1 1 1 1 3 1 7
317L 3 1 1 1 1 3 1 7
321 5 2 1 1 1 3 3 7
321H 5 2 1 1 1 3 3 7
329 3 2 1 1 1 1 3 7
330 3 1 1 1 1 3 7
347 5 2 1 1 1 3 3 7
347H 5 2 1 1 1 3 3 7
348 5 2 1 1 1 3 3 7
348H 5 2 1 1 1 3 3 7
384 2 1 1 1 3 7
Ferritic Types
405 6 4 2 1 3 6 6 7
409 6 4 2 1 3 6 6 7
429 3 4 2 1 1 6 6 7
430 3 4 1 1 1 6 6 7
430F 3 4 1 1 1 6 6 7
430FSe 3 4 1 1 1 6 6 7
434 3 4 1 1 1 7
436 3 4 1 1 1 7
442 3 2 1 1 1 7
446 3 2 1 1 1 3 7
Martensitic Types
403 6 4 2 1 3 6 6 7
410 6 4 2 1 3 6 6 7
414 6 4 2 1 3 6 6 7
416 6 4 2 1 3 6 6 7
416Se 6 4 2 1 3 6 6 7
420 6 4 2 1 3 6 6 7
Code: 1 鈥? No rust, staining or pitting, 6 鈥? Rust and severe pitting,
2 鈥? Light rust or stains, no pitting, 7 鈥? Corrosion and pitting in chemical media varies widely with
3 鈥? Light rust or stains, light pitting, media, concentration, temperature and agitation. Consult
4 鈥? Rust covered or stained, literature and handbooks for data on specific application.
5 鈥? Rust covered and pitted,
13
A = 37-1/2掳卤 2-1/2掳 D = 2 times amount of offset
B = 10掳 卤 1掳 E = 30掳 max
C = 1/16 in. 卤 1/32 in. (1.6 mm 卤 0.8 mm) R = 1/4 in. (6.4 mm)
From AWS D10.4
FIGURE 3 鈥? Typical joint designs for welding austenitic stainless steel pipe.
stainless steel is selected, it is the metal required but also helps to pickup. If copper is in contact with
welding engineer鈥檚 responsibility to balance the shrinkage stresses. the high temperature region of the
design the joints, select the weld filler Accurate joint fitup and careful joint heat affected zone, it can melt and
metal, welding process and welding preparation which are necessary for penetrate the grain boundaries of
procedure. high quality welds also help minimize austenitic stainless steel causing
distortion. cracking.
7.0 Joint location and weld sequence
should be considered to minimize
DESIGN FOR 8.0
distortion.
STAINLESS SELECTION OF
Strong tooling and fixturing should be
employed to hold parts in place and
STEELS FILLER METALS
resist tendencies for components to
move during welding. When any of
the gas shielded processes are used,
Since the coefficient of thermal Filler metals for welding stainless
the tooling should also provide an
expansion for austenitic stainless steels are produced as coated
inert gas backup to the root of the
steels is relatively high, the control of electrodes (AWS A5.4), solid and
weld to prevent oxidation when the
distortion must be considered in metal core wire (AWS A5.9) and flux
root pass is being made. This is
designing weldments of these alloys. core wire (AWS A5.22). The various
particularly important when GTA
The volume of weld metal in joints electrodes, solid wires, metal cored
welding pipe with insert rings to allow
must be limited to the smallest size wires and flux cored wires are
the weld metal to wet and flow
which will provide the necessary contained in AWS 鈥淔iller Metal
together at the root of the joint.
properties. In thick plate, a 鈥淯鈥? Comparison Charts鈥?, latest edition.
groove, Figure 3(c), which gives a In welding pipe, insert rings, Figure 4, According to these charts, matching
smaller volume than a 鈥淰鈥? groove, of the same composition as the filler filler metal should be available for
should be used. If it is possible to metal should be used for the root almost every type of austenitic
weld from both sides of a joint, a pass and be welded by the GTAW stainless steel available, although
double 鈥淯鈥? or 鈥淰鈥? groove joint process. If copper chills are to be many types may be produced in
preparation should be used. This not used near a weld area, they should small quantities by only a few
only reduces the volume of weld be nickel plated to prevent copper companies and may not be readily
14
From AWS D10.4
FIGURE 4 鈥? Standard consumable inserts.
available. For example, E219-16 and types for which no exact matching AWS filler metal specifications.
E240-16 electrodes are produced by fillers are made. Examples are 201, Matching filler metals are produced
only two U.S. companies and no 202, 205, 216, 301, 302, 304 and and available in the form of coated
foreign companies. By contrast, the 305. The filler materials recom- electrodes and solid wire for some
more popular electrodes, E308-16, mended for these base alloys are of the precipitation hardening
E308L-16, E309-16, E310-16, E316- somewhat higher in Cr and Ni stainless steels and these are listed
16, E316L-16 and E347 are -16 content. For example, 308 is used in Table XIV. Where no matching
produced by about 40 U.S. for 301, 302, 304 and 305 and may filler is available, standard austenitic
companies and 20 to 30 foreign be used for 201, 202, 205 and 216 if or nickel base filler materials are
companies. Most electrodes are 209, 219 or 240 are not available. recommended as indicated in
.
available with a lime coating (-15) (for The 6% molybdenum stainless steels Table XIV.
use with DC only), a titania coating 254SMo and AL6-XN are generally
If maximum strength properties and
(-16) (for use with AC or DC) or a welded with higher molybdnum
corrosion resistance are required for
silica-titania coating (-17) (for use with nickel-base alloys. The
the application, a filler metal of
AC or DC mainly in the downhand or recommended filler materials in the
matching or similar composition to
horizontal positions) and in the form of coated electrodes, solid and
the base metal should be used. For
standard or low carbon variety. metal core wire and flux core wire are
martensitic or semiaustenitic base
listed in Tables XI, XII and XIII for
Most alloys which are available as alloys, the weldment should then be
austenitic, ferritic and martensitic
coated electrodes are also available given the full solution and aging heat
stainless steels respectively. Note
as either solid wire, metal cored wire treatment if feasible. If not, the
that a modification of a basic type
or flux cored wire. A few are components should be solution
should be welded with a filler
available only as coated electrodes. treated before welding, then given a
material of that same modification,
These are 310H, 310Cb, 310Mo and postweld aging treatment after
for example, Type 316L should be
330H. As was mentioned previously, welding. It is recommended that the
welded with E316L-XX, ER316L,
filler metal for austenitic stainless austenitic precipitation hardening
ER316LS, or E316LT-X.
steels should match or exceed the stainless steels not be heat treated
alloy content of the base metal. If a Except for E630 electrodes and after welding because of cracking
filler material of the correct match is ER630 bare wires which match 17 - problems. In fact, these alloys are
not available, a filler with higher alloy 4PH, matching filler materials for the difficult to weld for this reason and
content normally should be used. precipitation hardening stainlesses some are considered unweldable.
are not listed in the AWS Filler Metals Nickel base and conventional
There are several austenitic stainless
Comparison Charts, or in any of the austenitic filler metals can be used
15
TABLE XI 鈥? Filler Metals for Welding Austenitic Stainless Steels
Base Stainless Steel Recommended Filler Metal
Coated Solid, Metal Flux Core
Wrought Cast Electrode Core Wire Wire
201 E209, E219, E308 ER209, ER219, ER308, ER308Si E308TX-X
202 E209, E219, E308 ER209, ER219, ER308, ER308Si E308TX-X
205 E240 ER240
216 E209 ER209 E316TX-X
301 E308 ER308, ER308Si E308TX-X
302 CF-20 E308 ER308, ER308Si E308TX-X
304 CF-8 E308, E309 ER308, ER308Si, ER309, ER309Si E308TX-X, E309TX-X
304H E308H ER308H
304L CF-3 E308L, E347 ER308L, ER308LSi, ER347 E308LTX-X, E347TX-X
304LN E308L, E347 ER308L, ER308LSi, ER347 E308LTX-X, E347TX-X
304N E308, E309 ER308, ER308Si, ER309, ER309Si E308TX-X, E309TX-X
304HN E308H ER308H
305 E308, E309 ER308, ER308Si, ER309, ER309Si E308TX-X, E309TX-X
308 E308, E309 ER308, ER308Si, ER309, ER309Si E308TX-X, E309TX-X
308L E308L, E347 ER308L, ER308LSi, ER347 E308LTX-X, E347TX-X
309 CH-20 E309, E310 ER309, ER309Si, ER310 E309TX-X, ER310TX-X
309S CH-10 E309L, E309Cb ER309L, ER309LSi E309LTX-X, E309CbLTX-X
309SCb E309Cb E309CbLTX-X
309CbTa E309Cb E309CbLTX-X
310 CK-20 E310 ER310 E310TX-X
310S E310Cb, E310 ER310 E310TX-X
312 CE-30 E312 ER312 E312T-3
314 E310 ER310 E310TX-X
316 CF-8M E316, E308Mo ER316, ER308Mo E316TX-X, E308MoTX-X
316H CF-12M E316H, E16-8-2 ER316H, ER16-8-2 E316TX-X, E308MoTX-X
316L CF-3M E316L, E308MoL ER316L, ER316LSi, ER308MoL E316LTX-X, E308MoLTX-X
316LN E316L ER316L, ER316LSi E316LTX-X
316N E316 ER316 E316TX-X
317 CG-8M E317, E317L ER317 E317LTX-X
317L E317L, E316L ER317L E317LTX-X
321 E308L, E347 ER321 E308LTX-X, E347TX-X
321H E347 ER321 E347TX-X
329 E312 ER312 E312T-3
330 HT E330 ER330
330HC E330H ER330
332 E330 ER330
347 CF-8C E347, E308L ER347, ER347Si E347TX-X, E308LTX-X
347H E347 ER347, ER347Si E347TX-X
348 E347 ER347, ER347Si E347TX-X
348H E347 ER347, ER347Si E347TX-X
Nitronic 33 E240 ER240
Nitronic 40 E219 ER219
Nitronic 50 E209 ER209
Nitronic 60 ER218
254SMo ENiCrMo-3 ERNiCrMo-3
AL-6XN ENiCrMo-10 ERNiCrMo-10
From AWS Filler Metal Specifications: A5.4, A5.9, A5.22, A5.14, A5.11
16
for these alloys, especially if high as 17 -4PH, AM350 and AM355 with base metal.
strength weld metal is not required because these alloys do not contain
Welding conditions suitable for
because the lower strength filler can titanium or aluminum which would
conventional stainless steels are
stretch on cooling and minimize the be lost in the shielded metal arc.
generally applicable for joining the
stress on the crack sensitive heat Welds can be made in all positions
PH types. A short arc length should
affected zone of the base metal. with this process. Electrodes must
be used to minimize oxidation, loss of
Nickel base and conventional be dry and stored and handled in
chromium, and nitrogen pickup.
austenitic stainless steels can also be the same manner as used for other
used to weld the other precipitation stainless steel and low hydrogen Lining
hardening stainless steels where full electrodes as described previously.
Mild steel process and storage
base material strength is not
Type AMS 5827B (17 -4PH) equipment is sometimes lined with
required.
electrodes can be used to weld 17 -7 stainless steel for corrosion
Coated electrodes can be used for PH steel, and reasonable heat treat- resistance. At least three different
welding martensitic and ment response can be obtained if methods are used:
semiaustenitic stainless steels such the weld deposit is highly diluted
1. Large formed stainless steel
TABLE XII 鈥? Filler Metals for Welding Ferritic Stainless Steels
Base Stainless Steel Recommended Filler Metal
Coated Solid, Metal Flux Core
Wrought Cast Electrode Core Wire Wire
405 E410NiMo, E430 ER410NiMo, ER430 E410NiMoTX-X
409 ER409, AM363, EC409 E409TX-X
429 ER409Cb
430 CB-30 E430 ER430 E430TX-X
430F E430 ER430 E430TX-X
430FSe E430 ER430 E430TX-X
434 ER434
442 E442, E446 ER442
444 E316L ER316L
446 CC-50 E446 ER446
26-1 ER26-1
From AWS Filler Metal Specifications: A5.4, A5.9, A5.22
TABLE XIII 鈥? Filler Metals for Welding Martensitic and Duplex Stainless Steels
Base Stainless Steel Recommended Filler Metal
Coated Solid, Metal Flux Core
Wrought Cast Electrode Core Wire Wire
403 E410 ER410 E410TX-X
410 CA-15 E410, E410NiMo ER410, ER410NiMo E410T, E410NiMoTX-X
410S E410NiMo ER410NiMo E410NiMoTX-X
414 E410 ER410 E410TX-X
416 E410 ER312, ER410
416Se ER312
416PlusX ER312
420 CA-90 E410, E430 ER420, ER410 E410TX-X
420F ER312
431 CB-30 E410, E430 ER410 E410TX-X
440A a
440B a
440C a
CA-6NM E410NiMo ER410NiMo E410NiMoTX-X
CA-15 E430 ER430 E430TX-X
2205 E2209 ER2209
2304 E2209 ER2209
255 E2553 ER2553
a = Welding not recommended. From AWS Filler Metal Specifications: A5.4, A5.9, A5.22
17
TABLE XIV 鈥? Filler Metals for Welding Precipitation-Hardening Stainless Steels
Bare Dissimilar
Covered Welding PH Stainless
Designation UNS No. Electrodes Wire Steels
Martensitic Types
17-4PH S17400 AMS 5827B, E630 AMS 5826 E or ER309,
and (17 PH) or
-4 (17 PH) or
-4 E or ER309 Cb
15-5 PH S15500 E308 ER308
Stainless W S17600 E308 or AMS 5805C E or ERNiMo-3,
ENiMo-3a (A-286) or E or ER309
ERNiMo-3b
Semiaustenitic Types
17-7PH S17700 AMS 5827B AMS 5824A E or ER310,
(17 PH),
-4 (17 PH)
-7 ENiCrFe-2, or
E308, or E309 ERNiCr-3
PH 15-7Mo S15700 E308 or E309 AMS 5812C (PH 15-7Mo) E or ER309, E or ER310
AM350 S35000 AMS 5775A (AM350) AMS 5774B (AM350) E or ER308, E or ER309
AM355 S35500 AMS 5781A (AM355) AMS 5780A (AM355) E or ER308, E or ER309
Austenitic Types
A-286 K66286 E309 or E310 ERNiCrFe-6 or E or ER309,
ERNiMo-3 E or ER310
a. See AWS A5.11-97, Specification for Nickel and Nickel Alloy Welding Electrodes for Shielded Metal Arc Welding
b. See AWS A5.14-97, Specification for NIckel and Nickel Alloy Bare Welding Electrodes and Rod.
Stainless Welding Clad Steel Thick Harfacing Deposits
Steel
Plug Weld Stainless
Back E308-X or E309-XX deposits
Gouge Steel
increase the toughness of thick
Mild Steel
hardfacing deposits. For best results,
use one layer of stainless between
Mild Steel
sheets are plug welded at frequent
each two layers of hardfacing.
intervals to join them closely to the
shell.
Clad steel consists of stainless steel
sheet permanently bonded to mild
9.0
steel plate. To join clad steel plates,
SELECTION OF
Stringer Beads first weld the mild steel with mild
steel electrodes. Do not tie into the
A WELDING
2. Overlapping welds deposited on
stainless cladding with the mild steel
the steel surface.
PROCESS
electrodes. After gouging the back-
side of the first mild steel bead, weld
from the stainless side using
Joint Cleanliness
stainless steel electrodes.
For high-quality welds, stainless steel
Joining Manganese Steel
joints must be clean. The choice of
E308-X or E309-XX electrodes are power brushing, degreasing, pickling,
used to weld manganese steel to grinding or simply wiping depends
carbon steel or to manganese steel. upon the application and amount of
The stainless welds provide excellent dirt. Here are some specific hints:
joint strength and ductility but are
First Pass
1. Remove all moisture by blowing
difficult to flame cut. Therefore, when
with dry air or heating with a torch.
a manganese steel piece must be
Beware of moisture in air lines, damp
replaced periodically, such as dipper
Second Pass
rags and humidity deposited
teeth, Wearshield Mangjet庐 electrode
overnight.
can be recommended. Wearshield
3. Small strips are overlapped or
15CrMn electrode has better crack
placed side-by-side and welded to 2. Eliminate organic contaminants like
resistance, but the deposit is difficult
the shell. Sometimes this technique is oil, paints, anti-spatter compounds,
to flame cut.
referred to as 鈥渨allpapering鈥? grease, pencil marks, cutting
compounds, adhesive from
18
TABLE XV 鈥? Standard Sizes for Stainless Electrodes
Form Diameter, in. Diameter, mm,
Electrode in coils, with or 0.045, 1/16, 5/64, 3/32, 7/64 1.2, 1.6, 2.0, 2.4, 2.8
without support 1/8, 5/32, 3/16, 1/4 3.2, 4.0, 4.8, 6.4
Electrode wound on standard 0.030, 0.035, 0.045, 1/16 0.8, 0.9, 1.2, 1.6
12-in. O.D. spools 5/64, 3/32, 7/64 2.0, 2.4, 2.8
Electrodes wound on lightweight 0.020, 0.025, 0.030 0.5, 0.6, 0.8
1-1/2 and 2-1/2 lb., 4-in O.D. spools 0.035, 0.045 0.9, 1.2
Coated Electrodes
9 in. length (230 mm) 1/16, 5/64, 3/32 1.6, 2.0, 2.4
12 in. length (305 mm) 3/32 2.4
14 in. length (350 mm) 1/8, 5/32, 3/16, 1/4 3.2, 4.0, 4.8, 6.4
protective paper, soap used for leak If it has been decided to perform the 2. Vertical up welding when a wide
testing, etc. welding with stick electrodes, a weave can be used.
further decision must be made
3. Stainless steels cannot be flame 3. Overhead welding.
regarding the electrode coating.
cut with a torch. Acceptable results
When lime (-15), titania (-16), and Coated electrodes should be treated
are achieved with an arc plasma
silica-titania (-17) type coatings are and stored as low hydrogen
cutter.
available for a particular type electrodes. They should not be
4. Be particularly careful to avoid zinc electrode, the decision will be based exposed to damp air, and once a
contamination. Do not use brushes mainly on the position of welding. sealed container is opened, the
or tools previously used on Lime-coated electrodes operate on electrodes should be used or stored
galvanized steel. DC only. They are recommended in a holding oven at between 200
for: and 300掳F (93 and 149掳C). If the
5. Use only stainless steel wire
electrodes are exposed to moist air,
brushes, and use these brushes only 1. Vertical and overhead welding and
they can be dried by baking as
on stainless steel. all position applications such as
recommended by the manufacturer.
pipe. The light slag wets rapidly
The decision on the form of filler This baking temperature usually is
for good wash-in and no
metal to be used will depend upon between 500 and 600掳F (260 and
undercutting.
several factors. These include the 316掳C), but can be as high as 800掳F
2. Root passes on heavy plate. The
available forms of the filler material (427掳C). The electrode manufacturer
full throat section of the slightly
needed, the available welding should be consulted for specific
convex beads help prevent
equipment, the dimensions of the recommendations.
cracking.
weldment and number of pieces to
The sizes and forms of coated
be welded. 3. Fully austenitic stainless steels
electrodes and also solid and cored
such as types 330, 320.
wire, which are normally available for
Titania-coated electrodes operate on welding stainless steels, are listed in
9.1 .
AC or DC, but always use DC when Table XV.
SHIELDED METAL available. They are recommended
ARC WELDING for:
9.2
1. All applications when most of the
SUBMERGED
welding is in the flat position.
Coated electrodes are available in
ARC WELDING
most stainless compositions in a 2. Vertical up and overhead welding
range of sizes and these can be when lime-coated electrodes are
used to weld joints in thicknesses not available. Submerged arc welding (SAW) can
from 0.05 inch to several inches. be employed to join thick sections,
Silica-titania coated electrodes
Slag from each pass must be usually greater than 0.5 inch, of most
operate also on AC or DC, but DC is
completely removed before of the austenitic stainless steels. For
usually preferred. They are
depositing the next pass to avoid austenitic stainlesses in which ferrite
recommended for:
porosity and slag entrapment. is not possible in the weld metal
Welding equipment for stick 1. Flat and horizontal position (types 310 or 330, for example),
electrode welding is the lowest cost welding when minimum cleanup submerged arc welding is usually
but deposition rates are lowest of all is desired. best avoided due to hot cracking
the consumable electrode
19
processes.
problems. Welding is generally done and ER316 can be used with reactions. The stainless flux
using direct current, electrode conventional stainless steel fluxes for manufacturers should be consulted
positive. Alternating current is some- welding most of the austenitic for recommendation on fluxes and
times used for moderate penetration stainless steels except applications welding procedures.
and good arc stability. where Ferrite Number must be less
than 4.
Since deposit composition depends
9.3
upon the filler wire composition, any If base metal strength must be
GAS METAL
alloy additions to the flux and attained in martensitic or precipitation
ARC WELDING
chromium oxidation and loss to the hardening stainless steels, special
slag, flux selection and welding procedures and fluxes must be used
conditions must be rigorously with the correct filler metal to provide
If the production application involves
controlled. Voltage, current and a weld deposit which will respond to
long joints in relatively thick material
travel speed variations will influence postweld heat treatment. If special
or a large number of parts, the
the amount of flux melted and the fluxes are not used, the weld metal
GMAW process with solid or metal
resulting weld deposit composition probably will not respond to heat
cored wire may be the best choice.
and ferrite content. treatment. This is particularly true for
aluminum-bearing electrodes where Solid or metal cored wire will provide
Conventional austenitic stainless steel
aluminum is lost through metal-slag
electrodes such as ER308, ER309
WELDING TECHNIQUES FOR SHIELDED METAL ARC WELDING
Use a short arc without touching the puddle. This minimizes alloy loss in the arc and reduces porosity
and spatter. Red Baron and Blue Max electrodes can be dragged.
Weld with a low current consistent with good fusion to minimize heat input for distortion control. The
low current also reduces penetration when minimum admixture is needed for corrosion resistance and
cracking or porosity resistance.
Stringer beads minimize heat input to control distortion. If weave beads must be used, limit the weave
to 21/2 times the electrode diameter.
Flat beads with good wash-in are needed for easy slag removal, particularly in deep groove welds.
Fill craters by holding a short arc and moving back over the finished bead before breaking the arc. This
avoids crater cracks.
Clean each bead thoroughly before welding over it. Because the slag from lime coated Stainweld
XXX-15 electrodes crumbles, particular care is needed to remove all particles.
For vertical and overhead positions, weld with 5/32鈥? (4.0mm) or smaller electrodes. The easiest to use
vertical-up are Stainweld XXX-15 electrodes. Blue Max electrodes require the widest weave for
vertical-up. Vertical-down welding is best accomplished with Red Baron -V electrodes.
For vertical-down welding with Red Baron-V electrodes, use a dragging technique and current towards
the high end of the recommended range. For vertical-up, Stainweld XXX-15 can be run without weave.
All others require a weave 鈥? a triangle weave or inverted Vee weave works well.
In the overhead position, Red Baron and Blue Max electrodes work best by a dragging technique.
Stainweld electrodes work best with a short arc and slight circular motion during steady forward motion.
Penetration should be only enough to seal openings in root passes and bond to the base plates. Deep
penetration can cause cracking and loss of corrosion resistance and provides no advantages.
20
TABLE XVI 鈥? Recommended Current Ranges For Austenitic Stainless Steel Electrodes (DCEP)
Electrode Size Recommended Current (Amp)
mm. inch. E3XX-15 Electrodes E3XX-16 Electrodes E3XX-17 Electrodes
2.4 3/32 30 - 70 30 - 65 40 - 80
3.2 1/8 45 - 95 55 - 95 80 - 115
4.0 5/32 75 - 130 80 - 135 100 - 150
4.8 3/16 95 - 165 120 - 185 130 - 200
6.4 1/4 150 - 225 200 - 275 Consult Manufacturer
Optimum current for flat position is
Optimum current for flat position is Optimum current for flat position is
about 10% below maximum.
about 10% below maximum; about 10% below maximum; AC
optimum for vertical-up welding, range is about 10% higher.
about 20% below maximum;
optimum for vertical-down welding,
about maximum.
9.5
the fastest deposition rates with the spray transfer can be employed
GMAW process but wire feeding using argon or an argon-helium
GAS TUNGSTEN
equipment, power supplies and the mixture with a small addition of
ARC WELDING
requirement for inert gas shielding oxygen or carbon dioxide.
add to the cost of using these fillers.
However, there is little need to Manual and automatic gas tungsten
9.4
remove slag between passes. Solid arc welding (GTAW) processes are
and metal cored wire can be used in
FLUX CORED frequently used for joining conven-
shortcircuiting, globular and spray tional and PH stainless steels,
ARC WELDING
modes of arc operation which gives particularly in thicknesses up to
a wide range of deposition rates and about 0.25 inch.
heat input levels. Solid and metal Flux cored wire uses basically the
Normally direct current, electrode
cored wire can therefore be used for same wire feed equipment and
negative is used with a power supply
welding a wide range of thicknesses. power supply as solid and metal
having drooping volt-amperage
core wire. Wires can be designed
Gas metal arc welding with spray characteristic. However, alternating
for use with gas shielding (AWS
transfer is used to join sections current is sometimes used to weld
Classes EXXXTX-1 or EXXXTX-4) or
thicker than about 0.25 inch those steels containing aluminum to
without gas shielding (AWS Classes
because deposition rates are higher take advantage of the arc cleaning
EXXXTO-3). The 鈥?-1鈥? indicates CO2
than with other transfer modes. action.
shielding gas, while the 鈥?-4鈥?
Welding procedures are simular for
indicates 75% Argon - 25% CO2
conventional austenitic and PH
shielding gas. Although carbon
stainless steels.
10.0
dioxide gas shielding is not
The shielding gas is generally argon recommended for gas metal arc
PROCEDURES
with 1 to 2 percent oxygen added for welding, it is commonly used with
FOR WELDING
arc stability. Mixtures of argon and flux cored arc welding because the
helium are employed if a hotter arc is slag protects the metal from carbon
STAINLESS
desired. A small oxygen addition pickup. Use of EXXXTO-3 with gas
can be added to provide a stable
STEELS
will result in high ferrite. Use of
arc, but some aluminum or titanium EXXXTX-1 or EXXXTX-4 without gas
can be lost from certain PH filler will result in little or no ferrite and
metals during transfer across the arc Once a joint design has been
possibly porosity. Solid wire, metal
as a result of oxidation. Response of established and a welding process
core and flux core wire have an
the weld metal to heat treatment and filler material have been
advantage over coated electrodes by
might be less because of this action. selected, a welding procedure may
their continuous nature in that it is
be developed. For any process, it is
not necessary to stop welding to
For flat position welding, spray
important that joint edges and filler
change electrodes.
transfer is usually preferred. For
material be clean and free of any
other welding positions,
oxide, organic material or other con-
shortcircuiting transfer is often used
tamination. Thermal cut edges must
with helium-rich gas such as 90%
be cleaned to remove oxide film.
He 7.5% A -2.5% CO2 or pulsed
21
Rough machined surfaces on joint 鈥? Austenitic stainless welds that Welding Techniques: Welding with
edge preparation should be avoided to cannot contain any ferrite. stainless steel electrodes requires
prevent entrapment of contaminants. techniques similar to those used for
AC-DC electrodes (EXXX-16 and
mild steel low hydrogen electrodes.
Heat input for arc welding stainless EXXX-17) are always used on DC
Use a short arc, but keep the coating
steels should be minimized to when this type of power is available.
from touching the puddle. Certain
minimize distortion and to minimize The fillet profile is flat (EXXX-16) to
electrodes are designed to be
the possibility of sensitization of the slightly concave (EXXX-17), the weld
dragged on the base metal in down-
heat affected zone. This is partic- surface is smoother and the penetra -
hand and horizontal welding. Flat
ularly important for standard, tion is less than with EXXX-15 (DC
beads with good wash-in promote
nonstabilized austenitic stainless only) electrodes. The larger amount
easy slag removal in deep grooves.
steels. of slag requires more care to avoid
Fill each crater before breaking the
slag inclusions. These electrodes are
arc to avoid crater cracks. Clean the
recommended for horizontal fillets
slag thoroughly from the finish of the
10.1 and for all flat position welding.
bead before starting another elec-
EXXX-16 electrodes are also used in
WELDING WITH THE trode, and clean the complete weld
all positions by skilled welders.
SHIELDED METAL ARC before started the next pass. On
EXXX-17 electrodes can also be used
deep groove butt joints, the root pass
PROCESS in all positions, but a wider weave is
should penetrate only enough to fuse
generally necessary in the vertical-up
to both plates and seal the opening.
position than is necessary for EXXX-
All stainless steel shielded metal arc More penetration may cause cracks.
16 electrodes.
electrode coverings must be pro -
For vertical and overhead positions
tected from moisture pickup.
Cleaning: For high quality welds, never use an electrode larger than
Normally, electrodes packaged in
joints must be clean and dry. The 5/32". The DC electrodes (EXXX-15)
hermetically sealed containers can
choice of power brushing, are preferred, but the AC-DC
be stored for several years without
degreasing, pickling, grinding or electrodes (EXXX-16) can be used for
deteriorating. However, after the
merely wiping depends upon the welding vertical up (using DC). On
container is opened, the coating
kind and amount of dirt. Some thick plate, use the triangular weave
begins to absorb moisture and,
specific recommendations are: or inverted Vee technique, welding
depending on the ambient air condi-
vertical up. On thin plate, use small
1. Remove moisture by heating or by
tion, may need to be reconditioned
beads, vertical down.
blowing with dry air (beware of
after only four hours of exposure,
moisture in the air line). Moisture
otherwise porosity may result, The EXXX-17 AC-DC electrodes are
can collect on a weldment over-
especially at arc starts. more difficult to use vertical up than
night in high humidity conditions. the EXXX-16 electrodes. A wider
Usually, redrying at 500 to 600掳F
weave is generally necessary.
2. Eliminate organic contaminants
(260 to 316掳C) for 1 hour restores
such as paints, antispatter com-
the electrode to its original condition, Welding techniques can help control
pounds, grease pencil marks,
and storing in a holding oven at distortion. Weld with low current con-
cutting compounds, adhesive
300掳F (149掳C) is satisfactory. Due to sistent with sufficient penetration to
from protective paper and soap
differences in materials and reduce the heat input to the work
used for leak testing.
processing, the supplier should be (Table XVI). Use stringer beads at a
consulted if large amounts of higher speed rather than wide beads
3. Flame beveling and machining
electrodes are involved. at a slower speed. If weave beads
may leave contaminants or oxide
must be made, limit the weave to
films that must be removed.
DC electrodes (EXXX-15) operate on
2-1/2 times the electrode diameter.
DC only, have good penetration,
4. Avoid zinc contamination from
produce fillets with a slightly convex Other means to control distortion are:
brushes or tools that have been
profile, and are recommended for:
used on galvanized steel. Zinc 鈥? Use rigid fixtures to hold parts in
contamination causes cracking.
鈥? Vertical and overhead welding and alignment.
Use only stainless steel wire
all position applications such as
鈥? Use chill bars near the weld and
brushes that have been used only
pipe. The slag has a fast freeze
backing bars under the weld.
on stainless steel.
characteristic.
Rapid cooling of austenitic
5. Avoid copper contamination from
鈥? Root passes on heavy plate. The stainless steels is beneficial rather
rubbing stainless over copper
larger throat section of the convex than harmful. If copper is used as
hold-down fixtures, etc. Copper
bead helps prevent cracking. the chill bar material, care must be
contamination causes cracking. exercised to prevent copper grain
boundary penetration where the
22
heat affected zone temperature edges be closely butted since weld
exceeds the melting temperature Power Sources: The open circuit backing is not used. The advantage
of copper. This can be prevented voltage of light duty AC transformer of this joint design is that it requires a
by applying a thin nickel plate to welders may not be high enough for minimum of edge preparation, yet
the copper. larger diameters of EXXX-16 produces welds of good quality
electrodes; otherwise, the same having adequate penetration.
鈥? Plan the sequence of welding,
power sources used with steel
using the same techniques as with Single V-groove welds with a root
electrodes are satisfactory for
mild steel such as skip welding face, Figure 11 (b), are used with
stainless electrodes.
and back step welding. nonfusible backing for single pass
Parameters and procedures for butt welds of 5/16 inch thickness or
welding stainless steel in thicknesses
Joining Stainless and Other greater. For most industrial
from 18 gauge to 1/2 inch are given
Steels: In some applications, applications, the maximum thickness
in Figures 6, 7, 8, 9 and 10. These
stainless steel weld metal is applied is of the order of 1-1/4 to 1-1/2 inch.
show joint designs and backup bars
to mild steel: for example, lining mild Root face dimensions are 1/8 to 3/16
for butt, tee, lap and 90 degree edge
steel vessels or containers with inch. This joint is also used for two
joints.
stainless steel. For such pass welds without backing where
applications, stainless electrodes plate thickness exceeds 5/8 inch.
with higher alloy content are used so The first pass is made in the V of the
10.2
the admixture of the mild steel into joint, Figure 11 (b). The work is
the stainless weld deposit does not then turned over and the first pass
WELDING WITH
form an unsatisfactory alloy. becomes the backing pass. In this
THE SUBMERGED position, the finishing pass is made
When stainless steel is joined to mild
ARC PROCESS on the flat side of the joint penetrat-
steel, the mild steel is often
ing into the root of the first pass. The
鈥渂uttered鈥? with stainless steel. This
root face is approximately 3/8 inch for
technique consists of depositing a The submerged arc process is
two pass welds.
layer of stainless on the surface of applicable to the welding of stainless
the mild steel, then completing the steels where the higher heat input The double V-groove butt, Figure 11
joint with stainless electrode, as and slower solidification are tolerable. (d), is the basic joint design for
illustrated in Figure 5. The electrode With submerged arc welding, submerged arc welding. A large
commonly used for buttering is depending upon the flux chosen, the root face is generally used with this
E309. This technique is also used silicon content may be much higher design. Figure 12 shows a typical
for joining hard-to-weld or high car- than with other processes, a factor double V-groove weld in 3/4 inch
bon steels that cannot be preheated. that may promote hot shortness or 304 plate and describes the welding
fissuring when ferrite is less than sequence.
E308 electrode is used for joining
4FN.
austenitic manganese steel to carbon A single U-groove butt joint design,
steel or to manganese steel. How- The submerged arc process is not Figure 11 (f), is also commonly
ever, for the components that must recommended where a weld deposit used. A small manually produced
be replaced periodically, such as is needed that is fully austenitic or is backing weld is often made from the
dipper teeth, a manganese steel controlled to a low ferrite content reverse side of the joint. It is usually
electrode is recommended because (below 4FN). However, high quality desirable to fill the U-groove with 2
the stainless weld is more difficult to welds may be produced for applica - passes per layer as soon as possible
torch cut. tions in which more than 4FN in weld after the root pass. Slag removal
deposits is allowable. Figure 11 from a submerged arc weld pass
shows the type of butt joint designs tieing in to both sides of the groove
that can be used for submerged arc can be very difficult.
welding.
For stainless steel welding, DC
Good quality single pass welds up to power is mostly used on thin
5/16 inch thick can be made using sections. Either AC or DC may be
the square groove butt joint, Figure used on heavier pieces but DC is
11 (a), without root opening and with preferred. Currents used are about
suitable backing. Two pass welds 80% of those used for carbon steel.
up to 5/8 inch thick are also made Single pass techniques usually result
FIGURE 5 鈥?
without root opening. It is essential in dilution levels of 40% to 60%.
Buttering technique for joining
on two pass welds, however, that the This may be decreased by using
mild steel to stainless steel.
23
Welding Position: Flat
Weld Quality Level: Code
Steel Weldability: Good
Plate Thickness in. 0.050 (18 ga) 0.078 (14 ga) 0.140 (10 ga) 3/16 1/4 3/8 1/2
Plate Thickness mm. 1.3 2.0 3.6 4.8 6.4 9.5 12.7
Pass 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 2-3 1 2-5
Electrode Class E3XX-16 E3XX-16 E3XX-16 E3XX-16 E3XX-16 E3XX-16 E3XX-16
Electrode Size in. 5/64 3/32 1/8 5/32 5/32 3/16 5/32 3/16 5/32 3/16
Electrode Size mm. 2.0 2.4 3.2 4.0 4.0 4.8 4.0 4.8 4.0 4.8
Current (amp) DC (+) 40* 60 85 125 125 160 125 160 125 160
Arc Speed (in./min.) 14 -16 11.5 - 12.5 8.5 - 9.5 6.7 - 7.3 5.7-6.3 7.6-8.4 5.7 -6.3 5.7 -6.3 5.7-6.3 5.7-6.3
Arc Speed mm/sec 5.9 - 6.8 4.9 - 5.3 3.6 -4.0 2.8 - 3.1 2.4-2.7 3.2-3.6 2.4-2.7 2.4-2.7 2.4-2.7 2.4-2.7
Electrode Req鈥檇 (lb./ft.) 0.020 0.038 0.080 0.150 0.340 0.650 1.06
Electrode Req鈥檇 kg/m 0.030 0.057 0.119 0.223 0.506 0.968 1.579
Total Time (hr./ft. of weld) 0.0133 0.0167 0.0222 0.0286 0.0583 0.100 0.167
Total Time hrs./m of weld 0.0436 0.0548 0.0728 0.0938 0.1913 0.3281 0.5479
Gap (in.) 0 1/32 1/32 1/16 3/32 3/32 3/32
Gap mm 0 0.8 0.8 1.6 2.4 2.4 2.4
Root Face (in.) 0 0 0 1/16 1/16 1/16 1/16
Root Face mm 0 0 0 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6
*Use DC (鈥?)
Note: AC can be used with 10% increase in current. E3XX-15 electrode can be used with a 10% decrease in current.
FIGURE 6 鈥? Suggested procedures for SMAW of butt joints in austenitic stainless steel from 18 (1.3 mm) gauge
to 1/2 inch (12.7 mm) thickness in the flat position.
multipass welds. shown in Figure 13. Ceramic stainless steel. Composition of
backing tapes are also sometimes materials fall into two categories 鈥?
Submerged arc welding creates a
used. fused type and bonded type. The
large volume of molten metal that
fused type is glasslike and is
remains fluid for appreciable time. It With a fusible metallic backing, the
produced by melting the ingredients
is essential that this molten metal be weld penetrates into and fuses with
at high temperatures followed by
supported and contained until it has the stainless backing, which either
crushing to granulate the flux. The
solidified. The two most common temporarily or permanently becomes
bonded or agglomerated type is
means of weld backing are an integral part of the assembly.
produced by mixing the ingredients
nonfusible backing and fusible
Most submerged arc welding is done with a suitable binder and baking
backing.
in the flat position. This results in the the mixture. Lincoln manufactures
Copper backing is the most best bead contour and ease of only bonded fluxes.
frequently used nonfusible backing in operation. Occasionally, welding is
Alloying elements can be added to
the welding of stainless steel. When done on circumferential seams.
the weld deposit through some
copper is used as a chill bar, care Figure 14 illustrates the effect of
bonded fluxes. These include
must be taken to prevent copper various inclinations.
chromium, nickel, molybdenum and
grain boundary penetration. Recom-
Submerged arc fluxes are available niobium (columbium). If alloying
mended groove dimensions are
as proprietary materials for welding
24
Welding Position: Vertical
and Overhead
Weld Quality Level: Code
Steel Weldability: Good
Plate Thickness (in.) 0.078 (14 ga)* 0.140 (10 ga) 3/16 1/4
Plate Thickness mm. 2.0 3.6 4.8 6.4
Pass 1 1 1 1 2
Electrode Class E3XX-15 E3XX-15 E3XX-15 E3XX-15
Electrode Size in. 3/32 1/8 5/32 5/32
Electrode Size mm. 2.4 3.2 4.0 4.0
Current (amp) DC(+) 50 75 110 110
Arc Speed (in./min.) 14 - 16 6.7 - 7.3 5.2 - 5.8 5.2 - 5.8 4.3 - 4.7
Arc Speed mm/sec. 5.9 - 6.8 2.8 - 3.1 2.2 - 2.5 2.2 - 2.5 1.8 - 2.0
Electrode Req鈥檇 (lb./ft.) 0.030 0.091 0.160 0.370
Electrode Req鈥檇 kg/m. 0.045 0.136 0.238 0.551
Total Time (hr./ft. of weld) 0.0133 0.0286 0.0364 0.0808
Total Time hrs./m of weld 0.0436 0.0938 0.1194 0.2651
Gap (in.) 0 0 1/16 3/32
Gap mm. 0 0 1.6 2.4
Root face (in.) 0 0 1/16 1/16
Root face mm. 0 0 1.6 1.6
*Vertical down, all others vertical up.
FIGURE 7 鈥? Suggested procedures for SMAW of butt joints in austenitic stainless steel 14 gauge (2.0mm) to
1/4 inch (6.4mm) thickness in the vertical and overhead positions.
Welding Position: Flat or
Horizontal*
Weld Quality Level: Code
Steel Weldability: Good
Weld Size (in.) 3/32 1/8 3/16 1/4 5/16
Weld Size mm. 2.4 3.2 4.8 6.4 7.9
Plate Thickness (in.) 0.078 (14 ga) 0.140 (10 ga) 3/16 1/4 3/8
Plate Thickness mm. 2.0 3.6 4.8 6.4 9.5
Pass 1 1 1 1 1 2
Electrode Class E3XX-16, E3XX-17 E3XX-16, E3XX-17 E3XX-16, E3XX-17 E3XX-16, E3XX-17 E3XX-16, E3XX-17
Electrode Size in. 3/32 1/8 5/32 3/16 3/16
Electrode Size mm. 2.4 3.2 4.0 4.8 4.8
Current (amp) DC(+) 60 85 120 160 170
Arc Speed (in./min.) 12.5 - 13.5 12.5 - 3.5 8.6 - 9.4 6.2 - 6.8 6.2 - 6.8 6.7 - 7.3
Arc Speed mm/sec. 5.3 - 5.7 5.3 - 5.7 3.6 - 4.0 2.6 - 2.9 2.6 - 2.9 2.8 - 3.1
Electrode Req鈥檇 (lb/ft) 0.036 0.056 0.120 0.220 0.430
Electrode Req鈥檇 kg/m. 0.054 0.083 0.178 0.328 0.640
Total Time (hr/ft of weld) 0.0154 0.0154 0.0222 0.0308 0.0594
Total Time hrs/m of weld 0.051 0.051 0.073 0.101 0.195
* For vertical and overhead use same procedures as for vertical and overhead butt welds.
Note: AC can be used with a 10% increase in current. E3XX-15 electrode can be used with a 10% decrease in current.
FIGURE 8 鈥? Suggested procedures for SMAW of fillet joints in austenitic stainless steel from 14 gauge (2.0mm)
to 3/8 inch (9.5mm) thickness in the flat or horizontal positions.
25
Welding Position:
Horizontal
Weld Quality Level: Code
Steel Weldability: Good
Plate Thickness (in.) 0.078 (14 ga) 0.140 (10 ga) 3/16 1/4 3/8
Plate Thickness mm. 2.0 3.6 4.8 6.4 9.5
Pass 1 1 1 1 1 2
Electrode Class E3XX-16, E3XX-17 E3XX-16, E3XX-17 E3XX-16, E3XX-17 E3XX-16, E3XX-17 E3XX-16, E3XX-17
Electrode Size in. 3/32 1/8 5/32 3/16 3/16
Electrode Size mm. 2.4 3.2 4.0 4.8 4.8
Current (amp) DC(+) 60 90 125 170 175
Arc Speed (in./min.) 12.5 - 13.5 12.5 - 13.5 8.6 - 9.4 6.2 - 6.8 6.2 - 6.8 6.7 - 7.3
Arc Speed mm/sec. 5.3 - 5.7 5.3 - 5.7 3.6 - 4.0 2.6 - 2.9 2.6 - 2.9 2.8 - 3.1
Electrode Req鈥檇 (lb/ft) 0.036 0.056 0.130 0.240 0.460
Electrode Req鈥檇 kg/m. 0.054 0.083 0.194 0.357 0.685
Total Time (hr/ft of weld) 0.0154 0.0154 0.0222 0.0308 0.0594
Total Time hrs/m of weld 0.051 0.051 0.073 0.101 0.195
The notes to fillet weld procedure also apply here.
FIGURE 9 鈥? Suggested procedures for SMAW of lap joints in austenitic stainless steel from
14 gauge (2.0mm) to 3/8 inch (9.5mm) thickness in the horizontal position.
Welding Position: Flat
Weld Quality Level: Code
Steel Weldability: Good
Plate Thickness (in.) 0.078 (14 ga) 0.140 (10 ga) 3/16 1/4 3/8
Plate Thickness mm. 2.0 3.6 4.8 6.4 9.5
Pass 1 1 1 1 1 2
Electrode Class E3XX-16, E3XX-17 E3XX-16, E3XX-17 E3XX-16, E3XX-17 E3XX-16, E3XX-17 E3XX-16, E3XX-17
Electrode Size in. 3/32 1/8 5/32 3/16 3/16
Electrode Size mm. 2.4 3.2 4.0 4.8 4.8
Current (amp) DC(+) 60 85 125 160 160 175
Arc Speed (in./min.) 14 - 16 12.5 - 13.5 10.5 - 11.5 6.2 - 6.8 6.2 - 6.8 5.7 - 6.3
Arc Speed mm/sec. 5.9 -6.8 5.3 - 5.7 4.4 - 4.9 2.6 - 2.9 2.6 - 2.9 2.4 - 2.7
Electrode Req鈥檇 (lb/ft) 0.028 0.056 0.094 0.22 0.45
Electrode Req鈥檇 kg/m. 0.042 0.083 0.140 0.33 0.67
Total Time (hr/ft of weld) 0.0133 0.0154 0.0182 0.0308 0.0641
Total Time hrs/m of weld 0.0436 0.0505 0.0597 0.101 0.210
T (in.) 0.04 1/32 3/64 1/16 0
T mm. 1.0 0.8 1.2 1.6 0
AC can be used with a 10% increase in current. E3XX-15 electrode can be used with a 10% decrease in current.
Figure 10 鈥? Suggested procedures for SMAW of corner joints in austenitic stainless steel from
14 gauge (2.0mm) to 3/8 inch (9.5mm) thickness in the flat position.
26
FIGURE 11 鈥? Butt joint designs for submerged-arc welding.
FIGURE 12 鈥? A typical double-V weld in Type 304 plate. Pass 1 was made at 700 amp, 33 volts,
16 ipm (6.8mm/sec); pass 2 at 950 amp, 35 volts, 12 ipm (5.1mm/sec). The power was DCRP;
electrode 3/16-in. (4.8mm). Type 308; neutral flux.
FIGURE 13 鈥? Recommended groove dimensions for copper backing bars in the
submerged arc welding of stainless steels.
27
FIGURE 14 鈥? (a) Contour of a weld bead in the flat position with the work horizontal; (b) welding slightly uphill;
(c) welding slightly downhill.
additions to the flux are not made, filler metal composition. well, however, is to change from the
the flux is called 鈥渘eutral.鈥? The term normal DC electrode positive polarity
The several methods of starting the
neutral is only relative in that the alloy to DC electrode negative polarity,
weld that are commonly in use
content of the weld is still altered by and to limit the wire feed speed to
include:
the flux. Lincoln flux ST-100 is an the low end of the normal range 鈥?
alloy flux for use with solid stainless e.g., 60 ipm wire feed for 1/8"
Scratch Start 鈥? In a scratch start,
steel electrodes. It contains electrode, or 80 ipm for 3/32"
the wire is fed toward the work and
chromium which helps compensate electrode.
the carriage travel is also started.
for chromium in the electrode that is
10.3
When the wire touches the work, it
oxidized in the arc and therefore not
will not fuse to the workpiece
WELDING WITH THE
recovered in the weld deposit.
because of the relative motion of the
GAS METAL ARC
Lincoln fluxes 801, 802, 880, 880M,
carriage. This type of starting is also
882, and Blue Max 2000 are neutral
PROCESS
called a 鈥渇lying start.鈥?
fluxes designed for welding with solid
stainless steel electrodes. With
Retract Starting 鈥? The wire is
Stainless steels may be welded by
Nb(Cb) 鈥? bearing stainless filler metal
鈥渋nched鈥? toward the work and
the gas metal arc process, using
(such as ER347), slag removal is
covered with flux. When the weld is
either spray arc, shortcircuiting or
often best with Blue Max 2000 or
started, the wire retracts momentarily
pulsed arc transfer.
802 fluxes. Lincoln flux 860 is a
and then reverses to feed forward.
neutral flux that can be used with
Copper backup strips are necessary
This method is not recommended for
308L electrode for applications
for welding stainless steel sections
light gauge stainless steel.
requiring a lower ferrite number. It
up to 1/16 inch thick. Backup is also
Once the arc is initiated, it is
should be noted that this combina-
needed when welding 1/4 inch and
important to monitor the various
tion will produce a tighter slag with
thicker plate from one side only.
parameters. Welding current is the
surface slag sticking. Lincoln MIL-
most influential variable. Next in No air must be permitted to reach
800H flux can be used with ER308L
importance is welding voltage. the underside of the weld while the
filler metal to produce a 308H (0.04-
Welding speed changes conform to weld puddle is solidifying.
0.08%C) deposit.
a pattern; if the speed is increased,
Oxygen picked up by the molten
The composition ranges listed in
there is less weld reinforcement; if
metal may reduce the corrosion
AWS A5.9 are broad. Since com -
decreased, there is more weld rein -
resistance and ductility of the
position profoundly affects weld
forcement. In addition, weld speed
stainless steel as it cools. To prevent
quality and serviceability, the
can affect depth of penetration.
this, the underside of the weld
complete range of variations cannot
should be shielded by an inert gas
always be tolerated in the deposit.
Cladding with Submerged Arc 鈥? such as argon. The shielding gas
To maintain control, the welding
SAW is normally a high dilution source can be built into the fixture.
technique, alloy content of the flux or
process, which is undesirable for
other appropriate changes should be
Electrode diameters as large as 3/32
cladding. A procedure that works
made to compensate for variations in
28
inch, but usually less than 1/16 inch, matic gun, forehand (鈥減ushing鈥?) The shielding gas often recommend-
are used with relatively high currents techniques are beneficial. Although ed for shortcircuiting welding of
to create the spray arc transfer. A the operator鈥檚 hand is exposed to stainless steel contains 90% helium,
current of approximately 300-350 more radiated heat, better visibility is 7.5% argon and 2.5% carbon
amperes is required for a 1/16" obtained. dioxide. The gas gives the most
electrode, depending on the shield- desirable bead contour while keeping
For welding plate 1/4 inch and
ing gas and type of stainless wire the CO2 level low enough so that is
thicker, the gun should be moved
being used. The degree of spatter is does not influence the corrosion
back and forth in the direction of the
dependent upon the composition resistance of the metal. High
joint and at the same time moved
and flow rate of the shielding gas, inductance in the power supply
slightly from side to side. On thinner
wire feed speed and the characteris- output is beneficial when using this
metal, however, only back and forth
tics of the welding power supply. gas mixture.
motion along the joint is used. The
DCEP is used for most stainless steel
more economical shortcircuiting Single pass welds may also be made
GMA welding and an argon 1 or
transfer process for thinner material using argon-oxygen and argon-CO2
2%-oxygen gas mixture is recom -
should be employed in the overhead gas mixes. However, arc voltage for
mended. Suggested procedures for
and horizontal position for at least steady shortcircuiting transfer may be
GMA welding 200 and 300 series
the root and first passes. Although as much as 6 volts lower than for the
stainless steels in the spray transfer
some operators use a short digging helium based gas. The colder arc
mode are given in Figure 15.
spray arc to control the puddle, the may lead to lack of fusion defects.
On square butt welds, a backup strip weld may be abnormally porous. The CO2 in the shielding gas will
should be used to prevent weld affect the corrosion resistance of
Power supply units with slope,
metal drop-through. When fitup is multipass welds made with
voltage and inductance controls are
poor or copper backing cannot be shortcircuiting transfer due to carbon
recommended for the welding of
used, drop-through may be pickup.
stainless steel with shortcircuiting
minimized by shortcircuiting transfer
transfer. Inductance, in particular, Wire extension or stickout should be
welding the first pass.
plays an important part in obtaining kept as short as possible. Backhand
When welding with the semiauto- proper puddle fluidity. welding is usually easier on fillet
Gas-Argon + 1% Oxygen.
Gas flow 35 cfh.
(16.5L/min.)
Plate Thickness (in.) 1/8 1/4 3/8 1/2
Plate Thickness mm. 3.2 6.4 9.5 12.7
Electrode Size in. 1/16 1/16 1/16 3/32
Electrode Size mm. 1.6 1.6 1.6 2.4
Pass 1 2 2 4
Current DC(+) 225 275 300 325
Wire Feed Speed (ipm) 140 175 200 225
Wire Feed Speed mm/sec. 60 74 85 95
Arc Speed (ipm) 19 - 21 19 - 21 15 - 17 15 - 17
Arc Speed mm/sec. 8.0 - 8.9 8.0 - 8.9 6.3 - 7.2 6.3 - 7.2
Electrode Required (lb/ft) 0.075 0.189 0.272 0.495
Electrode Required kg./m 0.112 0.282 0.405 0.737
Total Time (hr/ft of weld) 0.010 0.020 0.025 0.050
Total Time hr/m of weld. 0.033 0.066 0.082 0.164
FIGURE 15 鈥? Suggested procedures for GMAW of butt joints in 200 and 300 series stainless steels
using the spray arc transfer mode.
29
Gasflow 15 to 20 cfh
(7.1 - 9.4 L/min.)
Helium, + 7 -1/2% Argon,
+2-1/2% C02
Electrode 0.030 in. (0.8mm) dia.
Plate Thickness (in.) 0.063 0.078 0.093 0.125 0.063 0.078*
Plate Thickness mm. 1.6 2.0 2.4 3.2 1.6 2.0
Electrode Size in. 0.030 0.030 0.030 0.030 0.030 0.030
Electrode Size mm. 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8
Current DC(+) 85 90 105 125 85 90
Voltage* 21 - 22 21 - 22 21 - 22 21 - 22 21 - 22 21 - 22
Wire Feed Speed (ipm) 184 192 232 280 184 192
Wire Feed Speed mm/sec. 78 81 98 119 78 81
Welding Speed (ipm) 17 -19 13 - 15 14 - 16 14 - 16 19 - 21 11.5 - 12.5
Welding Speed mm/sec. 7.2 - 8.0 5.5 - 6.3 5.9 - 6.8 5.9 - 6.8 8.0 - 8.9 4.9 - 5.3
Electrode Required (lb/ft) 0.025 0.034 0.039 0.046 0.023 0.039
Electrode Required kg/m 0.037 0.051 0.058 0.069 0.034 0.058
Total Time (hr/ft of weld) 0.0111 0.0143 0.0133 0.0133 0.0100 0.0167
Total Time hr/m of weld 0.0364 0.0469 0.0436 0.0436 0.0328 0.0548
FIGURE 16 鈥? Suggested procedures for GMAW of butt joints and lap joints in 200 and 300 series
stainless steels using the short circuiting transfer mode.
FIGURE 17 鈥? Schematic of the hot-wire system for the automatic TIG welding of stainless steels.
30
Plate Thickness (in.) 1/16 3/32 1/8 3/16 1/4 1/2
mm. 1.6 2.4 3.2 4.8 6.4 12.7
Current DC(鈥?) 80 - 100 100 - 120 120 - 140 200 - 250 200 - 350 225 - 375
Electrode Diameter (in.) 1/16 1/16 1/16 3/32 1/8 1/8
mm. 1.6 1.6 1.6 2.4 3.2 3.2
Gas Flow, Argon (cfh) 10 10 10 15 20 25
L/min.. 4.7 4.7 4.7 7.1 9.4 11.8
Filler-Rod Diameter (in.) 1/16 1/16 3/32 1/8 1/8 1/8
mm. 1.6 1.6 2.4 3.2 3.2 3.2
Arc Speed (ipm) 12 12 12 10 8 8
mm/sec 5.1 5.1 5.1 4.2 3.4 3.4
Total Time (hr/ft of weld) 0.0167 0.0167 0.0167 0.0200 0.0250 0.0250
hr/m. of weld 0.0548 0.0548 0.0548 0.0656 0.0820 0.0820
Plate Thickness, T (in.) 1/16 3/32 1/8 3/16 1/4 1/2
mm. 1.6 2.4 3.2 4.8 6.4 12.7
Current DC(鈥?) 90 - 110 110 - 130 130 - 150 225 - 275 225 - 350 225 - 375
Electrode Diameter (in.) 1/16 1/16 1/16 3/32 1/8 1/8
mm. 1.6 1.6 1.6 2.4 3.2 3.2
Gas Flow, Argon (cfh) 10 10 10 15 20 25
L/min.. 4.7 4.7 4.7 7.1 9.4 11.8
Filler-Rod Diameter (in.) 1/16 1/16 3/32 1/8 1/8 1/8
mm. 1.6 1.6 2.4 3.2 3.2 3.2
Arc Speed (ipm) 10 10 10 8 8 8
mm/sec 4.2 4.2 4.2 3.4 3.4 3.4
Total Time (hr/ft of weld) 0.0200 0.0200 0.0200 0.0250 0.0250 0.0250
hr/m. of weld 0.0656 0.0656 0.0656 0.0820 0.0820 0.0820
For vertical-up and overhead, decrease current 10 to 20%.
FIGURE 18 鈥? Suggested procedures for GTAW of butt, corner, tee and lap joints in stainless steels.
31
TABLE XVII 鈥? Typical Travel Speeds and Deposition Rates with GTAW-Hot Wire
Wire Size: 1.2mm (0.045 in.)
Shielding Gas: 75% He, 25% A
Electrode: 4.0-4.8mm (5/32-3/16 in.) 2% Th
Arc Arc Travel Speed Wire Speed Feed Deposition Rate
Current Voltage
Amps Volts mm/Sec In/Min. mm/Sec In/Min. Kg/Hr Lbs/Hr
300 10 - 12 1.7 - 4.2 4 - 10 46 - 157 110 - 370 1.4 - 4.5 3 - 10
400 11 - 13 2.5 - 5.9 6 - 14 78 - 188 185 - 445 2.3 - 5.4 5 - 12
500 12 - 15 3.4 - 8.5 8 - 20 125 - 282 295 - 665 3.6 - 8.2 8 - 18
welds and will result in a neater weld. welding, such as argon plus 1% good wetting characteristics when
Forehand welding should be used for oxygen are popular, the same as used with the shortcircuiting transfer
butt welds. Outside corner welds used for spray arc welding. These process.
may be made with a straight motion. and other wire sizes can be welded
Some stainless steel weld metals
in the spray transfer mode at a lower
A slight backward and forward during welding have a tendency to-
average current with pulsed current
motion along the axis of the joint ward hot shortness or tearing when
than with continuous weld current.
should be used. Figure 16 summa- they contain little or no ferrite 鈥? Type
The advantage of this is that thin
rizes the welding procedures 347, for example. When welding
material can be welded in the spray
normally used for the shortcircuiting these, more welding passes than
transfer mode which produces a
transfer welding of stainless steel. indicated in the procedures may be
smooth weld with less spatter than
needed. Stringer bead techniques
Shortcircuiting transfer welds on the shortcircuiting transfer mode.
are also recommended rather than
stainless steel made with a shielding Another advantage is that for a given
weaving or oscillating from side to
gas of 90% He, 7 -1/2% A, 2-1/2% average current, spray transfer can
side. Hot cracking may be elimi-
CO2 show good corrosion resistance be obtained with a larger diameter
nated by stringer bead techniques
and coalescence. Butt, lap and wire than could be obtained with
since there is a reduction in con-
single fillet welds in material ranging continuous currents. Larger diameter
traction stresses, hence cooling is
from .060 inch to .125 inch in 304, wires are less costly than smaller
more rapid through the hot short
310, 316, 321, 347, 410 and similar sizes, and the lower ratio of surface
temperature range. A procedure that
stainless steels can be made to volume reduces the amount of
tends to produce a more convex
successfully. deposit contamination.
bead than normal can be very
The pulsed arc process, as normally The electrode diameters for gas helpful, and care should be taken to
used, is a spray transfer process metal arc welding are generally fill craters.
wherein one small drop of molten between 0.030 and 3/32 inch. For
Weld metal hot cracking may be
metal is transferred across the arc for each electrode diameter, there is a
reduced by shortcircuiting transfer
each high current pulse of weld certain minimum welding current that
welding, because of the lower
current. The high current pulse must must be exceeded to achieve spray
dilution from the base metal.
be of sufficient magnitude and dur- transfer. For example, when welding
Excessive dilution may produce a
ation to cause at least one small drop stainless steel in an argon-oxygen
completely austenitic weld metal
of molten metal to form and be atmosphere with 0.045 inch diameter
having strong cracking
propelled by the pinch effect from the stainless steel electrode, spray
characteristics.
end of the wire to the weld puddle. transfer will be obtained at a welding
During the low current portion of the current of about 220 amp DCRP. It When welding magnetic stainless
weld cycle, the arc is maintained and must be kept in mind that, along with steels (ferritic and martensitic types)
the wire is heated, but the heat the minimum current, a minimum arc to the relatively nonmagnetic types
developed is not adequate to transfer voltage must also be obtained. This (austenitic types), it is desirable to:
any metal. For this reason, the time is generally between 22 and 30 volts.
1. Use a single bevel joint to obtain
duration at the low current value
Electrodes come on spools varying in minimum joint reinforcement.
must be limited otherwise metal
weight between 2 and 60 lb. Also
would be transferred in the globular 2. Use low heat input shortcircuiting
available are electrodes for welding
mode. transfer to minimize the arc deflec-
the straight chromium stainless steels
tion encountered when welding
Wire diameters of 0.045 and 0.035 and austenitic electrodes that contain
magnetic to nonmagnetic steels.
inch are most commonly used with more than the usual amount of
32
this process. Gases for pulsed arc silicon. The latter have particularly 3. For uniform fusion, be sure the
wire is kept centered over the welding circuit. The high frequency source, the deposition rate can be
nonbeveled edge of the joint. need be on only to start the arc. As controlled almost independently of
the electrode is brought close to the the arc.
Parameters and procedures for
work, the high frequency jumps the
welding 200 and 300 series stainless Using the GTA hot wire method,
gap from the tungsten to the work
steels by the GMAW spray arc mode deposition rates up to 18 lb/hr can
and ignites the welding arc. Since
are given in Figure 15. Figure 16 be achieved when welding at 400 to
the tungsten electrode does not
gives parameters and procedures for 500 amp DCEN (Table XVII). Still
actually touch the work, the
welding the 200 and 300 series greater deposition rates can be
possibility of contaminating the stain-
stainless steels by the GMAW obtained using an automatic oscil-
less steel with tungsten is greatly
shortcircuiting mode. lated welding technique. Voltage
reduced. Straight polarity (DC-)
control is essential to achieve control
10.4 should be used 鈥? which produces a
of the large puddle when welding at
deep, penetrating weld.
WELDING WITH THE high deposition rates. For this
GAS TUNGSTEN A 鈥渟cratch鈥? start may be used in lieu reason, TIG hot wire welding requires
of a high frequency start, although the use of voltage control equipment.
ARC PROCESS there is some possibility of tungsten
By using closely spaced multiple
pickup. The arc should not be struck
tungsten electrodes, the welding
All stainless steel alloys that are on a carbon block because of the
speed can also be increased sub-
considered weldable can be welded likelihood of carbon contamination.
stantially when GTA welding stainless
readily with the gas tungsten arc
Stainless steels are readily welded steel tubing or sheet. Multiple elec-
process (GTAW).
with automatic GTAW. Arc voltage is trodes practically eliminate the
The preferred electrodes are proportional to arc length 鈥? thus a problem of undercutting at high
thoriated, ceriated, or lanthanated reliable signal can be generated to speeds.
tungsten as specified in AWS A5.12. operate automatic arc voltage control
Procedures and parameters for GTA
The advantage of these electrodes is equipment. Filler metal may be used,
welding of stainless steel in thick-
that they have a more stable arc and or light gauge material may be joined
nesses from 1/16 inch to 1/2 inch
can be used with higher currents by simple fusion of the joint edges.
(1.6 to 12.7 mm) are given in Figure
than pure tungsten electrodes. When 鈥渃old鈥? filler metal is used, it is
18. These include butt, corner, tee
always added to the front of the
The shielding gas is usually argon, and lap type joints.
puddle.
but helium or mixtures of argon and
Distortion Control in Austenitic,
helium are used on heavy sections. The so called 鈥渉ot wire鈥? method of
Precipitation Hardening, and
The advantages of argon are that welding gives greatly increased
Duplex Ferritic鈥揂ustenitic
flow rates can be lower, the arc is deposition rates and welding speeds.
Stainless Steels
more stable and the arc voltage is The wire 鈥? which trails the torch, as
illustrated in Figure 17 鈥? is resistance
somewhat less than with helium. Austenitic Stainless steels have a
The lower voltage makes it possible heated by a separate AC power 50% greater coefficient of expansion
to weld thin sheet without burn supply. It is fed through a contact and 30% lower heat conductivity
through. tube and extends beyond the tube. than mild steel. Duplex stainless
The extension is resistance heated so steels are only slightly better.
Filler materials for use with the gas
that it approaches or reaches the Allowance must be made for the
tungsten arc process are in the form
melting point before it contacts the greater expansion and contraction
of solid wire available in coils for
weld puddle. Thus, the tungsten when designing austenitic stainless
automatic welding or straight lengths
electrode furnishes the heat to melt steel structures. More care is
for manual welding. These are
the base metal and the AC power required to control the greater
specified in AWS A5.9 which also
supply furnishes a large portion of the distortion tendencies. Here are some
applies to filler material for Gas Metal
energy needed to resistance melt the specific distortion control hints:
Arc and Submerged Arc welding.
filler wire. The hot wire method is, in
Consumable inserts, specified in Rigid jigs and fixtures hold parts to
effect, an adaptation of the long
AWS A5.30, are useful for root be welded in proper alignment.
stickout principle used in submerged
passes with gas tungsten arc. Distortion is minimized by allowing
arc and self-shielded flux cored arc
the weld to cool in the fixture.
The DC power source for gas welding. The wire used for hot wire
tungsten arc welding must be a TIG welding is usually 0.045 inch Copper chill bars placed close to the
constant current type, and it is diameter. Since the wire is melted. or weld zone help remove heat and
recommended that a high frequency very nearly melted by its own power prevent distortion caused by
voltage be superimposed on the expansion. Back-up chill bars under
33
the joint are always recommended
when butt welding 14 gauge
(2.0mm) and thinner material. A
groove in the bar helps form the
bead shape. NOTE: Keep the arc
away from the copper. Copper
contamination of the weld causes
cracking.
Without fixtures, tack weld the joint
every couple of inches and peen the
tacks to remove shrinkage stresses.
Finish the joint with a welding
sequence designed to minimize
distortion.
A planned sequence of welding
always helps control distortion. The
techniques used in mild steel
welding can be used. Skip welding
and back-step welding are
recommended for light gauge steels.
Low current and stringer beads
reduce distortion by limiting the
amount of heat at the weld. Also, do
not deposit excessive weld metal. It
seldom adds to the strength of the
weld and does increase heat input
and promotes distortion.
If a structure of heavy steel is not
rigidly held during welding, many
small beads will cause more total
distortion than a few large beads.
Distortion Control in Ferritic and
Martensitic Stainless Steels
Since they have heat expansion
properties similar to mild steel, plate
structures of ferritic and martensitic
stainless steels are designed and
welded with about the same
distortion controls and allowances as
mild steel. However, because they
have lower thermal conductivity than
mild steel, the heat remains
concentrated in the area of the weld.
This causes distortion problems in
thin-gauge steel. This distortion can
be controlled with suitable jigs and
fixtures, proper joint design and a
correct welding sequence.
34
breathing zone and the general
SOURCES OF AWS 鈥? FMC
area.
Filler Metal Comparison Charts 鈥?
ADDITIONAL American Welding Society 鈥? Wear correct eye, ear and body
INFORMATION protection.
Literature from filler metal
manufacturers: 鈥? Do not touch live electrical parts
or permit electrically live parts or
ASM Metals Handbook
Additional information on the welding
electrodes to contact skin or your
of stainless steels can be obtained Volume 1 鈥? Properties and
clothing or gloves if they are wet.
from the sources listed below: Selection of Metals, 8th Edition 鈥?
ASM International 鈥? Insulate yourself from work and
ground.
The Welding Handbook ASM Metals Handbook
7th Edition, Volume 4, Chapter 2 鈥? Volume 3 鈥? Properties and
American Welding Society Selection of Stainless Steels, Tool
IMPORTANT:
Materials and Special Purpose
ANSI/AWS D10.4
Metals, 9th Edition 鈥? ASM
Recommended Practices for
International Special ventilation and/or exhaust
Welding Austenitic Stainless Steel
are required when welding high
The Making, Shaping and Treating
Piping and Tubing 鈥? American
of Steel chromium alloys such as stainless
Welding Society
steels.
10th Edition, United States Steel
AWS 鈥? A4.2
Corporation Fumes from the normal use of
Standard Procedures for
ANSI 鈥? Z49.1 stainless steel filler materials contain
Calibrating Magnetic Instruments
significant quantities of chromium
Safety in Welding, Cutting and
to Measure the Delta Ferrite
compounds. The (TLV) Threshold
Allied Processes 鈥? American
Content of Austenitic and Duplex
Limit Value for chromium (0.5 mg/m3)
Welding Society
Ferritic-Austenitic Stainless Steel
and/or chromium VI (0.05 mg/m3)
Weld Metal 鈥? American Welding Welding Metallurgy of Stainless
will be exceeded before reaching the
Society Steels
5.0 mg/m3 maximum exposure
by Erich Folkhard, Springer -
AWS 鈥? A5.4
guideline for total welding fume.
Verlag, New York
Specification for Stainless Steel
BEFORE USING, READ AND
Electrodes for Shielded Metal Arc
UNDERSTAND THE MATERIAL
Welding 鈥? American Welding
SAFETY DATA SHEET (MSDS)* FOR
Society
THE FILLER MATERIAL TO BE
AWS 鈥? A5.9
USED.
Specification for Bare Stainless
WARNING 鈥? 鈥? See American National Standard
Steel Welding Electrodes and
Z49.1, Safety in Welding, Cutting
HEALTH & SAFETY
Rods 鈥? American Welding Society
and Allied Processes, published
AWS 鈥? A5.22
NOTICE by the American Welding Society,
Specification Stainless Steel 550 N.W. LeJeune Road, Miami,
Electrodes for Flux-Cored Arc Florida 33126;
Welding and Stainless Steel Cored Protect yourself and others. Read OSHA Safety and Health
Rods for Gas Tungsten Arc and understand the label provided Standards, 29 CFR 1910,
Welding 鈥? American Welding with filler material for welding. available from the U.S.
Society Government Printing Office,
FUMES AND GASES can be
AWS 鈥? A5.30 Washington, DC 20402-0001
dangerous to your health. ARC RAYS
Specification for Consumable can injure eyes and burn skin. * Available from
Inserts 鈥? American Welding ELECTRIC SHOCK can kill. The Lincoln Electric Company
Society (for Lincoln products)
鈥? Read and understand the
ASM Metals Handbook 22801 St. Clair Avenue
manufacturer鈥檚 instructions and
Cleveland, Ohio 44117
Volume 6 鈥? Welding and Brazing 鈥? your employer鈥檚 safety practices.
8th Edition 鈥? ASM International
鈥? Keep your head out of the fumes.
ASM Metals Handbook
鈥? Use enough ventilation, exhaust at
Volume 6 鈥? Welding, Brazing and
the arc, or both, to keep fumes
Soldering 鈥? 9th Edition 鈥? ASM
and gases away from your
International
35
Lincoln Electric has an extensive standard* line of consumables for welding stainless steels,
including:
COATED ELECTRODES FOR SHIELDED METAL ARC WELDING
AWS A5.4
Classification ELECTRODES OPTIMIZED FOR
Blue Max 308/308L AC-DC E308L-17, E308-17 VERTICAL DOWN WELDING
Blue Max 309/309L AC-DC E309L-17, E309-17
Blue Max 316/316L AC-DC E316L-17, E316-17 AWS A5.4
Blue Max 347 AC-DC E347 -17 Classification
Red Baron 308/308L-V MR E308-15, E308L-15
Red Baron 308/308H MR E308-16, E308H-16 Red Baron 309/309L-V MR E309-15, E309L-15
Red Baron 308L MR E308L-16 Red Baron 316/316L-V MR E316-15, E316L-15
Red Baron 309/309L MR E309-16, E309L-16
Red Baron 310 MR E310-16
Red Baron 316/316L MR E316L-16, E316-16
Red Baron 347 MR E347 -16
SOLID WIRES FOR FLUXES FOR SUBMERGED ARC WELDING
SUBMERGED ARC WELDING
(No AWS classification is applicable.)
AWS A5.9 Lincolnweld MIL 800
Classification Lincolnweld 801
Blue Max S308/308L ER308, ER308L Lincolnweld 802
Blue Max S309/309L ER309, ER309L Lincolnweld 860
Blue Max S316/316L ER316, ER316L Lincolnweld 880
Lincolnweld 880M
Lincolnweld 882
SOLID WIRES FOR GAS METAL ARC
Lincolnweld ST-100
WELDING AND GAS TUNGSTEN ARC WELDING
Blue Max 2000
AWS A5.9
Classification FLUX CORED WIRES FOR
Blue Max MIG 308LSi ER308LSi, ER308Si CO2 OR 75Ar-25CO2 WELDING
Blue Max MIG 309LSi ER309LSi, ER309Si
BLUE MAX FC308L BLUE MAX FCP309L
Blue Max MIG 316LSi ER316LSi, ER316Si
BLUE MAX FC309L BLUE MAX FCP316L
BLUE MAX FC316L
METAL CORED WIRE FOR
FLUXES FOR STRIP CLADDING
GAS METAL ARC WELDING
(No AWS Classification is applicable.)
AWS A5.9
Blue Max 3000 (for submerged arc)
Classification
Blue Max 4000 (for electroslag)
OUTERSHIELD MC 409 EC409
OUTERSHIELD MC 409W EC409
CUT LENGTHS FOR MANUAL GAS
TUNGSTEN ARC WELDING
* Many other compositions are available on
special order. Contact your Lincoln AWS A5.9
Representative. Lincoln Classification
ER308/308L ER308, ER308L
ER309/309L ER309, ER309L
ER316/316L ER316, ER316L
36
Customer Assistance Policy
The business of The Lincoln Electric Company is manufacturing and selling high quality welding equipment, consumables,
and cutting equipment. Our challenge is to meet the needs of our customers and to exceed their expectations. On
occasion, purchasers may ask Lincoln Electric for advice or information about their use of our products. We respond to our
customers based on the best information in our possession at that time. Lincoln Electric is not in a position to warrant or
guarantee such advice, and assumes no liability, with respect to such information or advice. We expressly disclaim any
warranty of any kind, including any warranty of fitness for any customer鈥檚 particular purpose, with respect to such
information or advice. As a matter of practical consideration, we also cannot assume any responsibility for updating or
correcting any such information or advice once it has been given, nor does the provision of information or advice crete,
expand or alter any warranty with respect to the sale of our products.
Lincoln Electric is a responsive manufacturer, but the selection and use of specific products sold by Lincoln Electric is
solely within the control of, and remains the sole responsibility of the customer. Many variables beyond the control of
Lincoln Electric affect the results obtained in applying these type of fabrication methods and service requirements.
IMPORTANT: SPECIAL VENTILATION
AND/OR EXHAUST REQUIRED
Fumes from the normal use of these products
contain significant quantities of Chromium
compounds which may be harmful.
BEFORE USE, READ AND UNDERSTAND THE
MATERIAL SAFETY DATA SHEET (MSDS) FOR
THIS PRODUCT AND SPECIFIC INFORMATION
PRINTED ON THE PRODUCT CONTAINER.
37
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Stainless Steel
C6.4000 8/04
|