420 County Road 26, Beulah ND 58523-9400
1. CHEMICAL PRODUCT AND COMPANY IDENTIFICATION
PRODUCT IDENTIFIER: Carbon Dioxide
GENERAL USE: This product is used for tertiary oil recovery efforts
SYNONYMS: Carbonic Anhydride, Carbonic Acid Gas,
MANUFACTURER: EMERGENCY TELEPHONE NUMBERS:
Dakota Gasification Company Dakota Gasification (701) 873-6600
420 County Road 26
Beulah, North Dakota 58523-9400
(701) 873-6677
2. COMPOSITION / INFORMATION ON INGREDIENTS
INGREDIENTS WT. % CAS Registry #
Carbon Dioxide 95.95 鈥? 97.27 124-38-9
Hydrogen Sulfide 0.80 鈥? 2.0 7783-06-4
OSHA HAZARDOUS COMPONENTS (29 CFR 1910.1200):
EXPOSURE LIMITS 8 hrs. TWA (ppm)
Substance OSHA PEL ACGIH TLV
Carbon Dioxide 5,000 ppm 5,000 ppm
No PEL Established 10 ppm - TLV
Hydrogen Sulfide
Ceiling of 20 ppm; Peak of 50 ppm once per shift 15 ppm - STEL
3. HAZARDS IDENTIFICATION / EMERGENCY OVERVIEW
Hydrogen sulfide, a component within this product, is found in concentrations exceeding
8000 ppm or at levels considered lethal. Although hydrogen sulfide is a small component of
this product, it represents a severe threat to health and safety. Hydrogen sulfide is a toxic,
irritating, and asphyxiant gas. Exposures in the range of 500-800 PPM hydrogen sulfide will lead
to rapid loss of consciousness, respiratory paralysis, coma and death. Respiratory paralysis can
be almost immediate at concentrations above 600-800 PPM and a single breath at slightly higher
concentrations can cause unconsciousness. Death due to respiratory paralysis will follow unless
the victim is removed to fresh air and resuscitation quickly administered. The severity of the
effects of exposure to hydrogen sulfide varies with both length of exposure and concentration and
also among individuals.
PRODUCT NAME: Carbon Dioxide PAGE 1 OF 8
REVISION DATE: 5/25/2004
Hydrogen sulfide has a strong odor of 鈥渞otten eggs鈥? at concentrations as low as 0.1 PPM. The
odor will change to a 鈥渟ickening sweet odor鈥? as levels rise above 50-200 PPM. Exposure above
100 PPM may rapidly deaden the sense of smell, reportedly in as little as 2-15 minutes,
particularly at higher concentrations. Above 200 PPM, the loss of smell is very rapid. Users
should beware that in enclosed spaces where concentrations may be relatively constant that it is
possible to 鈥済et use to鈥? the smell of hydrogen sulfide or lose it completely. Rising concentrations
may not be noticed in such cases.
Carbon dioxide does not support life and may produce immediately hazardous atmospheres.
Carbon dioxide is an asphyxiant, a potent respiratory stimulant, and both a stimulant and
depressant of the central nervous system. Exposure to carbon dioxide above 10% can result in
unconsciousness in 1 minute or less.
POTENTIAL HEALTH EFFECTS: (Exposure to Carbon Dioxide and Hydrogen Sulfide)
EYE CONTACT: Eye irritation may result from exposure to hydrogen sulfide levels above 5
ppm. Levels above 50 ppm may cause conjunctivitis or reddening of the
eyes, pain, tearing and appearance of halos around lights. Repeated or
prolonged exposure to low concentrations of hydrogen sulfide may result in
gradual onset of a scratchy, irritated sensation, with tearing, conjunctivitis,
pain and blurred vision.
Eye contact with gaseous carbon dioxide may result in frostbite type injury.
Carbon dioxide may form carbonic acid in the presence of water causing a
corrosive injury if splashed or sprayed into the eye.
No evidence exists to suggest that skin absorption of hydrogen sulfide or
SKIN CONTACT:
carbon dioxide is an ordinary route of entry in humans, even at exposure
concentrations and durations encountered in handling relatively large
outdoor leaks. Skin or mouth contact with pure gaseous carbon dioxide
may result in frostbite. Both carbon dioxide and hydrogen sulfide may
produce acidic liquids if contacting water. This corrosive liquid may cause
skin burns and irritation.
See the Emergency Overview section above
INHALATION:
4. FIRST AID MEASURES
Immediately wash the eyes with large amounts of water, occasionally lifting
EYES:
upper and lower eyelids until no evidence of chemical remains. If frostbite is
present, warm water may be preferred. Seek medical attention.
If contact with liquefied gas occurs and if eyes are affected, wash them
thoroughly with clear water for at least 15 minutes. Hot and cold compresses
may aid in the control of pain. Seek medical attention following exposure.
Wash the affected area using a mild soap and rinse for at least 15 minutes. In
SKIN:
case of frostbite, warm affected skin in warm water at a temperature of 107
degrees F. If warm water is unavailable or impractical to use, gently wrap
affected part in blankets and slowly warm allowing circulation to return. Seek
medical care if the skin becomes inflamed or blistered.
Ingestion of gas is unlikely. It is unlikely that emergency treatment will be
INGESTION:
required. If adverse effects occur, treat symptomatically and supportively. Seek
medical attention.
PRODUCT NAME: Carbon Dioxide PAGE 2 OF 8
REVISION DATE: 5/25/2004
Remove the victim from the contaminated area while protecting yourself from
INHALATION:
exposure by wearing a self-contained breathing apparatus. Put a similar
respirator on the victim. If breathing has stopped, perform artificial respiration
and continue until breathing is restored. Do not delay or cease administration of
resuscitation to any victim whose breathing has stopped, as seconds are
important. After natural breathing is restored, treat for shock; keep victim warm
and at rest until assistance arrives. If the victim is conscious but coughing give
oxygen to breathe until assistance arrives.
5. FIRE FIGHTING MEASURES
Not established for this product. CO2 will not
FLASH POINT:
burn.
Not established for this product.
AUTO-IGNITION TEMPERATURE:
Not flammable
FIRE AND EXPLOSION HAZARDS:
Not flammable
UPPER EXPLOSIVE / FIRE LIMITS:
Not flammable
LOWER EXPLOSIVE / FIRE LIMITS:
Carbon dioxide is an extinguishing agent for
EXTINGUISHING MEDIA:
Class B and Class C fires. Use agents suitable
for surrounding fires.
Not applicable.
SPECIAL FIRE FIGHTING PROCEDURES:
6. ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES
The major components in this product are heavier than air. These
SPILL OR LEAK
components will remain in low spots without assisted ventilation.
PROCEDURES:
Keep unprotected persons well away and upwind from an area of
hazardous concentrations. No one should enter a leak area without
proper respiratory protection, even to attempt a rescue. There is a
great risk of the rescue personnel themselves being overcome by gas,
which will only compound the rescue problem. Work in the buddy
system whenever working with a known or suspected leak.
Isolate leak area immediately for at least 600 feet in all directions.
Consider downwind evacuation for at least 0.2-0.9 miles.
Carbon dioxide in small quantities may vaporize leaving "snow鈥? (a
combination of dry ice and water vapor where atmospheric moisture is
present). Ventilate well and avoid contact with cold vapors or dry ice
Carbon dioxide is pipelined as a dense gas. Upon release, part of the
CHARACTERISTICS
product may become a gas and part of it may form solid flakes that
UPON RELEASE TO
resemble snow. These flakes will sublime (e.g., change directly from
THE ATMOSPHERE:
solid to gas) fairly rapidly. The solid flakes of carbon dioxide will be very
cold. Contact with these flakes or with the escaping gas near the point
of release may result in frostbite. A release of carbon dioxide is not
particularly hazardous except in areas where the concentration of
carbon dioxide in the air is very high. Outdoors, this will normally occur
only very close to the point of release.
PRODUCT NAME: Carbon Dioxide PAGE 3 OF 8
REVISION DATE: 5/25/2004
DOT 49 CFR 195.50 Requires reporting of loss of 50 bbls or 8 m3 of
REPORTABLE
Carbon dioxide.
RELEASE
QUANTITY:
7. HANDLING AND STORAGE
Not Applicable
STORAGE TEMPERATURE:
Not Applicable
SHELF LIFE:
None identified
SPECIAL SENSITIVITY:
This product is not handled by personnel nor is it stored.
HANDLING / STORAGE
PRECAUTIONS:
8. EXPOSURE CONTROLS / PERSONAL PROTECTION
Work upwind of leaks, wear respiratory protection listed below.
RECOMMENDED WORK /
HYGIENE PROCEDURES:
EYE PROTECTION If contacting liquid from gas lines, be aware the moisture may
REQUIREMENTS: be highly acidic. Protect your eyes with goggles if a splash or
drip hazard exists.
If contacting liquid from gas lines, be aware the moisture may
HAND PROTECTION
be highly acidic. Wear chemical gloves suitable for acids.
REQUIREMENTS:
If contacting liquid from gas lines, be aware the moisture may
PROTECTIVE CLOTHING
be highly acidic. Wear rain slickers or an acid suit if a liquid
REQUIREMENTS:
hazard exists.
The major components of gas are simple asphyxiants or highly
RESPIRATORY
toxic hydrogen sulfide. Airline or self-contained breathing
REQUIREMENTS:
apparatus are required where exposure is possible.
9. PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
A gas.
APPEARANCE:
The major components are typically odorless. However, pure
ODOR:
carbon dioxide may have an acidic, irritating, sharp odor. The
presence of hydrogen sulfide may give gas a rotten egg type
odor at first. Hydrogen sulfide does suppress the ability to smell
in higher, dangerous concentrations.
A supercritical fluid, a very dense gas
PHYSICAL STATE:
Acidic, may range from 2.0 to 3.7
pH:
Not Established
VAPOR PRESSURE:
VAPOR DENSITY: Carbon dioxide has a vapor density of 1.5 at 78.2掳F, air = 1
PRODUCT NAME: Carbon Dioxide PAGE 4 OF 8
REVISION DATE: 5/25/2004
-70.6慰F @ 4000 MMHG
MELTING POINT:
-109慰F (Sublimes)
BOILING POINT:
1.522@ 21 C
SPECIFIC GRAVITY:
Not Applicable
EVAPORATION RATE:
44.01 鈥? Carbon Dioxide
MOLECULAR WEIGHT:
Oxide of carbon, carbonate
CHEMICAL FAMILY:
10. STABILITY AND REACTIVITY
Not Established. Carbon Dioxide is considered stable
INSTABILITY CONDITIONS:
Violent reaction with ammonia and amines. Contact
INCOMPATIBILITIES:
with chemically active metals such as sodium or
potassium may cause fire. Dry carbon dioxide can be
handled with most common structural materials. Moist
carbon dioxide is corrosive by its formation of carbonic
acid. For these applications, 316, 309 and 310 stainless
steels may be used as well as Hastelloy庐 A, B, and C
and Monel庐. Ferrous nickel alloys are slightly corroded.
Temperatures above 1700慰C may cause decomposition
DECOMPOSITION:
and the release of oxygen and highly toxic carbon
monoxide.
Has not been reported to occur under normal
HAZARDOUS POLYMERIZATION:
temperatures and pressures.
11. TOXICOLOGICAL INFORMATION
Since this product is a gas, inhalation is the principal route of entry.
ROUTES OF ENTRY:
Skin contact with liquids contacting gas may cause corrosive injuries.
But, it is not a major toxic hazard.
This is a component gas made up principally of carbon dioxide and
EFFECTS OF ACUTE
hydrogen sulfide (see Composition/Ingredient section). The hydrogen
EXPOSURE:
sulfide component is the component of concern toxicologically.
At low concentrations the primary manifestations of hydrogen sulfide
toxicity are eye inflammation with associated intense intolerance to
light, tearing and blurred vision. Affected individuals may observe rings
or halos around lights. Loss of corneal reflexes may follow. The onset
of eye inflammation may be delayed for 12 to 24 hours following
exposure. There is no specific antidote for hydrogen sulfide eye
irritation. Symptoms can be relieved with the use of an antibiotic
ointment and patching for 24 hours. Recovery after exposure usually
occurs spontaneously in 1 to 2 days.
Hydrogen sulfide tends to be more irritating to the lungs than the upper
PRODUCT NAME: Carbon Dioxide PAGE 5 OF 8
REVISION DATE: 5/25/2004
respiratory tract with the possibility of pulmonary edema occurring after
exposure to 250-600 PPM for less than an hour. Lower respiratory
tract irritation can occur and reactive airway disease has been
described after acute hydrogen sulfide exposure.
Exposures to high levels of hydrogen sulfide, typically above 1800
PPM may result in sudden collapse and respiratory paralysis,
frequently followed by grand mal seizures. Such exposures can result
in heart arrhythmia or a heart attack. Consumption of alcohol 24 hours
prior to exposure may enhance toxicological effects.
Exposures of 250-1000 PPM of hydrogen sulfide may result in the
SYMPTOMS:
rapid onset of symptoms of fatigue, intense anxiety, vertigo, headache,
and nausea, in addition to chest and nose pain and cough.
Exposure to lower concentrations of carbon dioxide may cause
headache, sweating, rapid breathing, increased heartbeat, shortness
of breath, dizziness, mental depression, visual disturbances, and
shaking.
Repetitive exposures to hydrogen sulfide have an effect on both heme
CHRONIC EFFECTS /
synthesis and on brain metabolism. Hydrogen sulfide inhibits heme
CARCINOGENICITY:
synthetase in vitro at levels of 1 mmol/liter. In a study of workers
exposed to 0.05-5.2 PPM of H2S, heme synthetase was found to be
depressed in 33% and erythrocycte protoporphyrin to be depressed in
54%. Mice exposed to 100 PPM of hydrogen sulfide for 2 hours a day
at 4 day intervals for a total of 4 exposures developed cumulative
inhibition of cerebral cytochrome C oxidase and RNA synthesis.
Guinea pigs exposed to 20 PPM of hydrogen sulfide for one hour per
day for 11 days developed decreases in CNS phospholipids and
cholesterol as well as evidence of lipid peroxidation with marked
increases in malonaldehyde.
No reports associate carbon dioxide or hydrogen sulfide with
carcinogenesis, mutagenesis, or teratogensis.
12. ECOLOGICAL INFORMATION
The cold temperature of gas leaks may freeze plants and animals. High hydrogen sulfide
levels may asphyxiate anything in close proximity to a leak. Carbon dioxide does not
contain any Class I or Class II ozone-depleting chemicals. Carbon dioxide is not listed as a
marine pollutant by DOT.
13. DISPOSAL CONSIDERATIONS
Depending on local conditions and regulations, product may be safely disposed of to flare,
to process, or by wet processing, scrubbing or venting. A large quantity of material in need
of emergency disposal is hazardous due to the hydrogen sulfide content and may require
disposal by flaring, which should be done with the consent of local air quality officials.
14. TRANSPORTATION INFORMATION
This product is shipped via pipeline. Typical transportation information does not apply
since material is not carried by rail or truck transport.
PRODUCT NAME: Carbon Dioxide PAGE 6 OF 8
REVISION DATE: 5/25/2004
15. REGULATORY INFORMATION
The following selected regulatory requirements may apply to this product. Not all
such requirements are identified. Users of this product are solely responsible for
compliance with all applicable federal, state, and local regulations.
U.S. FEDERAL REGULATIONS:
EPA (ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY)
OSHA (Occupational Safety and Health Administration):
29 CFR 1910.119: Process Safety Management of Highly Hazardous Chemicals: Requires
facilities to develop a process safety management program based on Threshold
Quantities of highly hazardous chemicals.
Hydrogen Sulfide is listed in Appendix A as a highly hazardous chemical
Carbon Dioxide is not listed in Appendix A as a highly hazardous chemical
CERCLA: Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act
of 1980 (40 CFR Part 302):
Reportable Quantity (RQ): (55,735 cu ft of product
SARA: Superfund Amendment and Reauthorization Act:
Section302/304: Require emergency planning based on Threshold Planning
Quantity (TPQ) and release reporting based on Reportable Quantities (RQ)
of extremely hazardous substances (40 CFR 355):
Threshold Planning Quantity (TPQ): None-Carbon Dioxide
Threshold Planning Quantity (TPQ): 500 pounds-Hydrogen sulfide
Extremely Hazardous Substances (40 CFR 355): No-Carbon Dioxide
Yes-Hydrogen sulfide
Section 311/312: Require submission of Material Safety Data Sheets
(MSDSs) and chemical inventory reporting with identification of EPA hazard
categories. The hazard categories for this product are as follows:
IMMEDIATE: yes
DELAYED: No
PRESSURE: Yes
REACTIVITY: No
FIRE: No
Section 313: Requires submission of annual reports of release of toxic
chemicals that appear in 40 CFR Part 372.
Carbon dioxide does not require reporting under Section 313
Hydrogen sulfide requires reporting under Section 313
40 CFR 68: Risk Management Program for Chemical Accidental Release
Prevention: Requires development and implementation of risk
management programs at facilities that manufacture, use, store, or
otherwise handle regulated substances in quantities that exceed specified
thresholds.
PRODUCT NAME: Carbon Dioxide PAGE 7 OF 8
REVISION DATE: 5/25/2004
Carbon dioxide is not listed as a regulated substance
Hydrogen sulfide is listed as a regulated substance with a 10,000 lb
threshold quantity
TSCA: Toxic Substances Control Act:
Carbon dioxide is listed on the TSCA inventory
Hydrogen sulfide is listed on the TSCA inventory
LIABILITY DISCLAIMER
The information contained in this Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) is believed to be correct since it
was obtained from sources we believe are reliable. However no representation, guarantees or
warranties of any kind are made as to its accuracy, suitability for particular applications, hazards
connected with the use of the material, or the results to be obtained from the use thereof. User
assumes all risks and liability of any use, processing or handling of any material, variations in
methods, conditions and equipment used to store, handle, or process the material and hazards
connected with the use of the material are solely the responsibility of the user and remain at his sole
discretion.
Compliance with all applicable federal, state, and local laws and regulations remains the responsibility
of the user, and the user has the responsibility to provide a safe work place to examine all aspects of
its operation and to determine if or where precautions, in addition to those described herein, are
required.
PRODUCT NAME: Carbon Dioxide PAGE 8 OF 8
REVISION DATE: 5/25/2004
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