SODIUM THIOSULFATE
Chemwatch Material Safety Data Sheet (REVIEW)
Issue Date: 16-Aug-2006 CHEMWATCH 21894
NC317TCP Version No:1
CD 2007/3 Page 1 of 11
Section 1 - CHEMICAL PRODUCT AND COMPANY IDENTIFICATION
PRODUCT NAME
SODIUM THIOSULFATE
SYNONYMS
Na2-S2-O3, "thiosulfuric acid, disodium salt", "thiosulphuric acid, disodium salt",
"Chlorine Control", "Chlorine Cure", Dechlor-It, "disodium thiosulfate", "disodium
thiosulphate", S-Hydril, S-Hydril, "sodium hyposulfite hyposulphite", "sodium oxide
sulfide sulphide", "sodium thiosulfate, anhydrous", "sodium thiosulphate, anhydrous",
Sodothiol
PRODUCT USE
Used widely as bleaching agent, an ingredient in photographic fixer solutions, for
extraction of silver from ores, as a mordant in dyeing and printing textiles, reducers in
chrome dyeing, in leather manufacture and a reagent in analytical and organic chemistry.
Antidote for cyanide poisoning.
SUPPLIER
Company: Quantum Chemicals Pty Ltd
Address:
70 Quantum Close
Dandenong South
Victoria 3175
Telephone: 03 8795 8000
Emergency Tel: 1300 131 001
Fax: 03 8795 8099
HAZARD RATINGS
Flammability
Toxicity
Body Contact
Reactivity
Chronic
SCALE: Min/Nil=0 Low=1 Moderate=2 High=3 Extreme=4
SODIUM THIOSULFATE
Chemwatch Material Safety Data Sheet (REVIEW)
Issue Date: 16-Aug-2006 CHEMWATCH 21894
NC317TCP Version No:1
CD 2007/3 Page 2 of 11
Section 2 - HAZARDS IDENTIFICATION
STATEMENT OF HAZARDOUS NATURE
NON-HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCE. NON-DANGEROUS GOODS. According to the Criteria of
NOHSC, and the ADG Code.
POISONS SCHEDULE
None
RISK SAFETY
Inhalation may produce health damage*. Do not breathe dust.
Cumulative effects may result following Use only in well ventilated areas.
exposure*.
* (limited evidence). Keep container in a well ventilated place.
Take off immediately all contaminated clothing.
Section 3 - COMPOSITION / INFORMATION ON INGREDIENTS
NAME CAS RN %
sodium thiosulfate 7772-98-7 >98
may decompose in water/ moist air to produce
hydrogen sulfide 7783-06-4
Section 4 - FIRST AID MEASURES
SWALLOWED
Rinse mouth out with plenty of water.
For advice, contact a Poisons Information Centre or a doctor.
路 If swallowed do NOT induce vomiting.
路 If vomiting occurs, lean patient forward or place on left side (head-down position, if
possible) to maintain open airway and prevent aspiration.
路 Observe the patient carefully.
路 Never give liquid to a person showing signs of being sleepy or with reduced awareness;
i.e. becoming unconscious
路 Give water to rinse out mouth, then provide liquid slowly and as much as casualty can
comfortably drink.
路 Seek medical advice.
EYE
If this product comes in contact with the eyes:
路 Wash out immediately with fresh running water.
路 Ensure complete irrigation of the eye by keeping eyelids apart and away from eye and
moving the eyelids by occasionally lifting the upper and lower lids.
路 If pain persists or recurs seek medical attention.
路 Removal of contact lenses after an eye injury should only be undertaken by skilled
personnel.
SKIN
If skin contact occurs:
路 Immediately remove all contaminated clothing, including footwear.
路 Flush skin and hair with running water (and soap if available).
路 Seek medical attention in event of irritation.
INHALED
路 If dust is inhaled, remove from contaminated area.
路 Encourage patient to blow nose to ensure clear passage of breathing.
SODIUM THIOSULFATE
Chemwatch Material Safety Data Sheet (REVIEW)
Issue Date: 16-Aug-2006 CHEMWATCH 21894
NC317TCP Version No:1
CD 2007/3 Page 3 of 11
Section 4 - FIRST AID MEASURES
路 If irritation or discomfort persists seek medical attention.
NOTES TO PHYSICIAN
Treat symptomatically.
For exposures involving sulfides and hydrogen sulfide (including gastric acid
decomposition products of alkaline sulfides):
路 Hydrogen sulfide anion produces its major toxic effect through inhibition of cytochrome
oxidases.
路 Symptoms include profuse salivation, nausea, vomiting and diarrhea. Central nervous
effects may include giddiness, headache, vertigo, amnesia, confusion and unconsciousness.
Tachypnoea, palpitations, tachycardia, arrhythmia, sweating, weakness and muscle cramps
may also indicate overexposure.
Treatment involves:
路 If respirations are depressed, application of artificial respiration, administration of
oxygen (continue after spontaneous breathing is established).
路 For severe poisonings administer amyl nitrite and sodium nitrite (as for cyanide
poisoning) but omit sodium thiosulfate injection.
路 Atropine sulfate (0.6 mg intramuscularly) may contribute symptomatic relief.
路 Conjunctivitis may be relieved by installation of 1 drop of olive-oil in each eye and
sometimes by 3 drops of epinephrine solution (1:1000) at frequent intervals. Occasionally
local anesthetics and hot and cold compresses are necessary to control pain.
路 Antibiotics at first hint of pulmonary infection.
[Gosselin etal, Clinical Toxicology of Commercial Products].
Section 5 - FIRE FIGHTING MEASURES
EXTINGUISHING MEDIA
路 There is no restriction on the type of extinguisher which may be used.
FIRE FIGHTING
Alert Fire Brigade and tell them location and nature of hazard.
路 Wear full body protective clothing with breathing apparatus.
路 Prevent, by any means available, spillage from entering drains or water courses.
Use fire fighting procedures suitable for surrounding area.
DO NOT approach containers suspected to be hot.
Cool fire exposed containers with water spray from a protected location.
If safe to do so, remove containers from path of fire.
FIRE/EXPLOSION HAZARD
路 The material is not readily combustible under normal conditions.
路 However, it will break down under fire conditions and the organic component may burn.
路 Not considered to be a significant fire risk.
路 Heating may cause expansion and violent bursting - rupture of containers.
路 May emit acrid smoke.
Decomposition will occur at high temperatures and may produce fumes of: Flammable
hydrogen sulfide (H2S).
FIRE INCOMPATIBILITY
Avoid contamination with oxidising agents i.e. nitrates, oxidising acids, chlorine
bleaches, pool chlorine etc. as ignition may result.
HAZCHEM: None
SODIUM THIOSULFATE
Chemwatch Material Safety Data Sheet (REVIEW)
Issue Date: 16-Aug-2006 CHEMWATCH 21894
NC317TCP Version No:1
CD 2007/3 Page 4 of 11
Section 6 - ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES
EMERGENCY PROCEDURES
MINOR SPILLS
路 Clean up all spills immediately.
路 Avoid contact with skin and eyes.
路 Wear impervious gloves and safety glasses.
路 Use dry clean up procedures and avoid generating dust.
路 Sweep up or
路 Vacuum up (consider explosion-proof machines designed to be grounded during storage and
use).
路 Place spilled material in clean, dry, sealable, labelled container.
MAJOR SPILLS
路 Clear area of personnel and move upwind.
路 Alert Fire Brigade and tell them location and nature of hazard.
路 Wear breathing apparatus plus protective gloves.
路 Prevent, by any means available, spillage from entering drains or water course.
路 Stop leak if safe to do so.
路 Contain spill with sand, earth or vermiculite.
路 Collect recoverable product into labelled containers for recycling.
路 Neutralise/decontaminate residue.
路 Collect solid residues and seal in labelled drums for disposal.
路 Wash area and prevent runoff into drains.
路 After clean up operations, decontaminate and launder all protective clothing and
equipment before storing and re-using.
路 If contamination of drains or waterways occurs, advise emergency services.
EMERGENCY RESPONSE PLANNING GUIDELINES (ERPG)
The maximum airborne concentration below which it is believed that nearly all individuals could be exposed
for up to one hour WITHOUT experiencing or developing
life-threatening health effects is:
sodium thiosulfate 500 mg/m鲁
irreversible or other serious effects or symptoms which could impair an individual's ability to take
protective action is:
sodium thiosulfate 50 mg/m鲁
other than mild, transient adverse effects without perceiving a clearly defined odour is:
sodium thiosulfate 30 mg/m鲁
The threshold concentration below which most people will experience no appreciable risk of health effects:
sodium thiosulfate 10 mg/m鲁
American Industrial Hygiene Association (AIHA)
Ingredients considered according to the following cutoffs
Very Toxic (T+) >= 0.1% Toxic (T) >= 3.0%
R50 >= 0.25% Corrosive (C) >= 5.0%
R51 >= 2.5%
else >= 10%
where percentage is percentage of ingredient found in the mixture
Personal Protective Equipment advice is contained in Section 8 of the MSDS.
SODIUM THIOSULFATE
Chemwatch Material Safety Data Sheet (REVIEW)
Issue Date: 16-Aug-2006 CHEMWATCH 21894
NC317TCP Version No:1
CD 2007/3 Page 5 of 11
Section 7 - HANDLING AND STORAGE
PROCEDURE FOR HANDLING
Avoid generating and breathing dust.
路 Limit all unnecessary personal contact.
路 Wear protective clothing when risk of exposure occurs.
路 Use in a well-ventilated area.
路 When handling DO NOT eat, drink or smoke.
路 Always wash hands with soap and water after handling.
路 Avoid physical damage to containers.
路 Use good occupational work practice.
路 Observe manufacturer's storing and handling recommendations.
SUITABLE CONTAINER
路 Check that containers are clearly labelled.
Packaging as recommended by manufacturer.
Glass container. or Plastic container or Plastic drum or Polylined drum.
STORAGE INCOMPATIBILITY
Contact with acids produces toxic fumes., i.e sulfur dioxide (SO2).
Avoid storage with acids, metal nitrites,
sodium nitrite, halogens and oxidizing agents.
STORAGE REQUIREMENTS
Observe manufacturer's storing and handling recommendations.
Store in original containers.
Store in a cool, dry place.
Store in a well-ventilated area.
Store away from incompatible materials.
DO NOT store near acids, or oxidising agents.
No smoking, naked lights, heat or ignition sources.
Keep containers securely sealed.
Protect containers against physical damage.
Check regularly for spills and leaks.
_____________________________________________________
SAFE STORAGE WITH OTHER CLASSIFIED CHEMICALS
+ + + + + +
_____________________________________________________
+: May be stored together
O: May be stored together with specific preventions
X: Must not be stored together
Section 8 - EXPOSURE CONTROLS / PERSONAL PROTECTION
EXPOSURE CONTROLS
Source Material TWA ppm TWA mg/m鲁 STEL ppm STEL mg/m鲁
_________ _________ _____ _____ _____ _____
Australia sodium 10
Exposure thiosulfate
Standards (Inspirable dust
(Not specified))
Australia hydrogen sulfide 10 14 15 21
Exposure (Hydrogen
Standards sulphide)
SODIUM THIOSULFATE
Chemwatch Material Safety Data Sheet (REVIEW)
Issue Date: 16-Aug-2006 CHEMWATCH 21894
NC317TCP Version No:1
CD 2007/3 Page 6 of 11
Section 8 - EXPOSURE CONTROLS / PERSONAL PROTECTION
Source Material TWA ppm TWA mg/m鲁 STEL ppm STEL mg/m鲁
_________ _________ _____ _____ _____ _____
EMERGENCY EXPOSURE LIMITS
Material Revised IDLH Value (mg/m3) Revised IDLH Value (ppm)
hydrogen sulfide 100
ODOUR SAFETY FACTOR (OSF)
OSF=1.2E3 (HYDROGEN SULFIDE)
Exposed individuals are reasonably expected to be warned, by smell, that the Exposure
Standard is being exceeded.
Odour Safety Factor (OSF) is determined to fall into either Class A or B.
The Odour Safety Factor (OSF) is defined as:
OSF= Exposure Standard (TWA) ppm/ Odour Threshold Value (OTV) ppm
Classification into classes follows:
Class OSF Description
A 550 Over 90% of exposed individuals
are aware by smell that the
Exposure Standard (TLV- TWA for
example) is being reached, even
when distracted by working
activities
B 26- 550 As " A" for 50- 90% of persons
being distracted
C 1- 26 As " A" for less than 50% of
persons being distracted
D 0.18- 1 10- 50% of persons aware of
being tested perceive by smell
that the Exposure Standard is
being reached
E <0.18 As " D" for less than 10% of
persons aware of being tested
.
MATERIAL DATA
INGREDIENT DATA
HYDROGEN SULFIDE:
Odour Threshold Value: 0.0011 ppm (detection), 0.0045 ppm (recognition)
NOTE: Detector tubes for hydrogen sulfide, measuring in excess of 0.5 ppm
are available commercially.
The TLV-TWA is protective against sudden death, eye irritation,
neurasthenic symptoms such as fatigue, headache, dizziness, and
irritability, or permanent central nervous system effects that may result
from acute, subchronic, or acute exposure to hydrogen sulfide.
The offensive odour of hydrogen sulfide does not give a reliable warning
signal because olfactory fatigue occurs at concentrations of 150 to
200 ppm.
Hydrogen sulfide is probably the leading cause of sudden death in the
workplace. Lethal hydrogen sulfide toxicity following inhalation of
1000-2000 ppm paralyses the respiratory centre and causes breathing to
stop. At concentrations between 500 to 1000 pm, the carotid bodies are
stimulated causing hypernea which is followed by apnea. Low concentrations
(50-1500 ppm) produce eye and respiratory tract irritation. Prolonged
SODIUM THIOSULFATE
Chemwatch Material Safety Data Sheet (REVIEW)
Issue Date: 16-Aug-2006 CHEMWATCH 21894
NC317TCP Version No:1
CD 2007/3 Page 7 of 11
Section 8 - EXPOSURE CONTROLS / PERSONAL PROTECTION
exposure to concentrations of the order of 250-500 ppm may produce
pulmonary oedema although 50 ppm has also reportedly produced this effect.
Concentrations in excess of 50 ppm produce acute conjunctivitis with pain,
lachrymation and photophobia. These acute changes may progress to
keratoconjunctivitis and vesiculation of the corneal epithelium.
Concentrations between 5 and 30 ppm produce ocular toxicity.
PERSONAL PROTECTION
EYE
路 Safety glasses with side shields; or as required,
路 Chemical goggles.
路 Contact lenses may pose a special hazard; soft contact lenses may absorb and
concentrate irritants. A written policy document, describing the wearing of lens or
restrictions on use, should be created for each workplace or task. This should include a
review of lens absorption and adsorption for the class of chemicals in use and an account
of injury experience. Medical and first-aid personnel should be trained in their removal
and suitable equipment should be readily available. In the event of chemical exposure,
begin eye irrigation immediately and remove contact lens as soon as practicable. Lens
should be removed at the first signs of eye redness or irritation - lens should be
removed in a clean environment only after workers have washed hands thoroughly. [CDC
NIOSH Current Intelligence Bulletin 59].
HANDS/FEET
Neoprene rubber gloves. or Rubber gloves or PVC gloves.
Protective footwear.
OTHER
Overalls.
路 Barrier cream.
路 Ensure that there is ready access to eye wash unit.
GLOVE SELECTION INDEX
Glove selection is based on a modified presentation of the:
" Forsberg Clothing Performance Index" .
The effect(s) of the following substance(s) are taken into account in the
computer- generated selection: sodium thiosulfate
Protective Material CPI *.
__________________________________________
NATURAL RUBBER A
NEOPRENE A
NITRILE A
NITRILE+PVC A
PVC A
__________________________________________
* CPI - Chemwatch Performance Index
A: Best Selection
B: Satisfactory; may degrade after 4 hours continuous immersion
C: Poor to Dangerous Choice for other than short term immersion
NOTE: As a series of factors will influence the actual performance of the glove,
a final selection must be based on detailed observation. -
* Where the glove is to be used on a short term, casual or infrequent basis,
SODIUM THIOSULFATE
Chemwatch Material Safety Data Sheet (REVIEW)
Issue Date: 16-Aug-2006 CHEMWATCH 21894
NC317TCP Version No:1
CD 2007/3 Page 8 of 11
Section 8 - EXPOSURE CONTROLS / PERSONAL PROTECTION
factors such as "feel" or convenience (e.g. disposability), may dictate a choice
of gloves which might otherwise be unsuitable following long-term or frequent use.
A qualified practitioner should be consulted.
RESPIRATOR
Protection Factor Half- Face Respirator Full- Face Respirator Powered Air Respirator
10 x ES P1 Air- line* -- PAPR- P1 -
50 x ES Air- line** P2 PAPR- P2
100 x ES - P3 -
Air- line* -
100+ x ES - Air- line** PAPR- P3
* - Negative pressure demand ** - Continuous flow.
The local concentration of material, quantity and conditions of use determine the type of
personal protective equipment required.
For further information consult site specific
CHEMWATCH data (if available), or your
Occupational Health and Safety Advisor.
ENGINEERING CONTROLS
路 Local exhaust ventilation is required where solids are handled as powders or crystals;
even when particulates are relatively large, a certain proportion will be powdered by
mutual friction.
路 Exhaust ventilation should be designed to prevent accumulation and recirculation of
particulates in the workplace.
路 If in spite of local exhaust an adverse concentration of the substance in air could
occur, respiratory protection should be considered. Such protection might consist of:
(a): particle dust respirators, if necessary, combined with an absorption cartridge;
(b): filter respirators with absorption cartridge or canister of the right type;
(c): fresh-air hoods or masks
路 Build-up of electrostatic charge on the dust particle, may be prevented by bonding and
grounding.
路 Powder handling equipment such as dust collectors, dryers and mills may require
additional protection measures such as explosion venting.
Air contaminants generated in the workplace possess varying "escape" velocities which, in
turn, determine the "capture velocities" of fresh circulating air required to efficiently
remove the contaminant.
Type of Contaminant: Air Speed:
direct spray, spray painting in shallow booths, 1- 2.5 m/s (200- 500 f/min.)
drum filling, conveyer loading, crusher dusts,
gas discharge (active generation into zone of
rapid air motion)
grinding, abrasive blasting, tumbling, high 2.5- 10 m/s (500- 2000 f/min.)
speed wheel generated dusts (released at high
initial velocity into zone of very high rapid
air motion).
Within each range the appropriate value depends on:
Lower end of the range Upper end of the range
1: Room air currents minimal or favourable to 1: Disturbing room air currents
capture
2: Contaminants of low toxicity or of nuisance 2: Contaminants of high toxicity
value only
SODIUM THIOSULFATE
Chemwatch Material Safety Data Sheet (REVIEW)
Issue Date: 16-Aug-2006 CHEMWATCH 21894
NC317TCP Version No:1
CD 2007/3 Page 9 of 11
Section 8 - EXPOSURE CONTROLS / PERSONAL PROTECTION
3: Intermittent, low production. 3: High production, heavy use
4: Large hood or large air mass in motion 4: Small hood- local control only
Simple theory shows that air velocity falls rapidly with distance away from the opening
of a simple extraction pipe. Velocity generally decreases with the square of distance
from the extraction point (in simple cases). Therefore the air speed at the extraction
point should be adjusted, accordingly, after reference to distance from the contaminating
source. The air velocity at the extraction fan, for example, should be a minimum of 4-10
m/s (800-2000 f/min) for extraction of crusher dusts generated 2 metres distant from the
extraction point. Other mechanical considerations, producing performance deficits within
the extraction apparatus, make it essential that theoretical air velocities are
multiplied by factors of 10 or more when extraction systems are installed or used.
Section 9 - PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
APPEARANCE
Clear to white crystals or granules with no odour. Soluble in water (79g/100ml) @ 4C.
Insoluble in alcohol. Slowly decomposes in aqueous solution.
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
Solid.
Mixes with water.
Molecular Weight: 158.10 Boiling Range (掳C): >100 decomposes
Melting Range (掳C): 48 Specific Gravity (water=1): 1.7
Solubility in water (g/L): Miscible pH (as supplied): Not applicable
pH (1% solution): 6.5- 8.0 (5% sol) Vapour Pressure (kPa): Not applicable
Volatile Component (%vol): Negligible Evaporation Rate: Not applicable
Relative Vapour Density (air=1): Not applicable Flash Point (掳C): Not applicable
Lower Explosive Limit (%): Not applicable Upper Explosive Limit (%): Not applicable
Autoignition Temp (掳C): Not applicable Decomposition Temp (掳C): >100 C
State: Divided solid Viscosity: Not available
Section 10 - CHEMICAL STABILITY AND REACTIVITY INFORMATION
CONDITIONS CONTRIBUTING TO INSTABILITY
路 Presence of incompatible materials.
路 Product is considered stable.
路 Hazardous polymerisation will not occur.
Section 11 - TOXICOLOGICAL INFORMATION
POTENTIAL HEALTH EFFECTS
ACUTE HEALTH EFFECTS
SWALLOWED
The material is moderately discomforting to the gastro-intestinal tract and may be
harmful if swallowed in large quantity.
EYE
The material is moderately discomforting to the eyes and is capable of causing a mild,
temporary redness of the conjunctiva (similar to wind-burn), temporary impairment of
vision and/ or other transient eye damage/ ulceration.
SODIUM THIOSULFATE
Chemwatch Material Safety Data Sheet (REVIEW)
Issue Date: 16-Aug-2006 CHEMWATCH 21894
NC317TCP Version No:1
CD 2007/3 Page 10 of 11
Section 11 - TOXICOLOGICAL INFORMATION
SKIN
The material is moderately discomforting to the skin.
Solution of material in moisture on the skin, or perspiration, may increase irritant
effects.
Open cuts, abraded or irritated skin should not be exposed to this material.
INHALED
The dust may be discomforting to the upper respiratory tract.
Persons with impaired respiratory function, airway diseases and conditions such as
emphysema or chronic bronchitis, may incur further disability if excessive concentrations
of particulate are inhaled.
CHRONIC HEALTH EFFECTS
Principal routes of exposure are by accidental skin and eye contact and inhalation of
generated dusts.
Long term low level exposure to hydrogen sulfide may produce headache, fatigue, dizziness
, irritability and loss of sexual desire. These symptoms may also result when exposed to
hydrogen sulfide at high concentration for a short period of time.
TOXICITY AND IRRITATION
unless otherwise specified data extracted from RTECS - Register of Toxic Effects of Chemical Substances.
TOXICITY IRRITATION
Oral (human) TDLo: 300 mg/kg/7d Nil Reported
[Hach]
HYDROGEN SULFIDE:
unless otherwise specified data extracted from RTECS - Register of Toxic Effects of Chemical Substances.
TOXICITY IRRITATION
Inhalation (human) LDLo: 5.7 mg/kg Nil Reported
Inhalation (human) LCLo: 600 ppm/30m
Inhalation (human) LCLo: 800 ppm/5m
Section 12 - ECOLOGICAL INFORMATION
Refer to data for ingredients, which follows:
HYDROGEN SULFIDE:
Fish LC50 (96hr.) (mg/l): 0.0071- 0.5
The material is classified as an ecotoxin* because the Fish LC50 (96 hours) is less than
or equal to 0.1 mg/l
* Classification of Substances as Ecotoxic (Dangerous to the Environment)
Appendix 8, Table 1
Compiler's Guide for the Preparation of International Chemical Safety Cards: 1993
Commission of the European Communities.
Toxicity Fish: LC50(96)75->395ug/L
Degradation Biological: sig
Section 13 - DISPOSAL CONSIDERATIONS
路 Recycle wherever possible or consult manufacturer for recycling options.
路 Consult State Land Waste Management Authority for disposal.
路 Bury residue in an authorised landfill.
路 Recycle containers if possible, or dispose of in an authorised landfill.
Small quantities may be discharged to sewer with a large excess of water.
SODIUM THIOSULFATE
Chemwatch Material Safety Data Sheet (REVIEW)
Issue Date: 16-Aug-2006 CHEMWATCH 21894
NC317TCP Version No:1
CD 2007/3 Page 11 of 11
Section 14 - TRANSPORTATION INFORMATION
HAZCHEM: None
NOT REGULATED FOR TRANSPORT OF DANGEROUS GOODS:UN, IATA,
IMDG
Section 15 - REGULATORY INFORMATION
POISONS SCHEDULE: None
REGULATIONS
sodium thiosulfate (CAS: 7772-98-7) is found on the following regulatory lists;
Australia Exposure Standards
Australia Inventory of Chemical Substances (AICS)
International Council of Chemical Associations (ICCA) - High Production Volume List
OECD Representative List of High Production Volume (HPV) Chemicals
Section 16 - OTHER INFORMATION
Classification of the preparation and its individual components has drawn on official and
authoritative sources as well as independent review by the Chemwatch Classification
committee using available literature references.
This document is copyright. Apart from any fair dealing for the purposes of private study, research, review or
criticism, as permitted under the Copyright Act, no part may be reproduced by any process without written permission
from CHEMWATCH. TEL (+61 3) 9572 4700.
Issue Date: 16-Aug-2006
Print Date: 10-Jan-2008
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