D-LIMONENE
Chemwatch Material Safety Data Sheet (REVIEW)
Issue Date: 17-Feb-2006 CHEMWATCH 2052-2
A317TC CD 2006/2 Page 1 of 14
Section 1 - CHEMICAL PRODUCT AND COMPANY IDENTIFICATION
PRODUCT NAME
D-LIMONENE
SYNONYMS
C10H16, limonene, (+)-4-isopropenyl-1-methylcyclohexene, D-(+)-limonene,
(+)-R-limonene, "d-p-mentha-1, 8-diene", "p-mentha-1, 8-diene",
"4-isopropyl-1-methyl cyclohexene", "isopropenyl-1-methyl cyclohexene", "1, 8,
(9)-menthadiene", "cyclohexene, ", "1-methyl-4-(1-methylethenyl)-, (R)-",
"aromatic cyclic", "terpene hydrocarbon"
PROPER SHIPPING NAME
TERPENE HYDROCARBONS, N.O.S.
(contains d-limonene)
PRODUCT USE
HAZARD: Rags wet / soaked with unsaturated hydrocarbons / drying oils auto
oxidise; may generate heat and in-time smoulder and ignite. Oily cleaning rags
should be collected regularly and immersed in water. Flavouring, fragrance and
perfume materials. Used as solvent in cleaners and degreasers; solvent for
resins, polymers, waxes; wetting agent. Manufacture of specialist resins.
Sulfurised derivatives in lube oils.
SUPPLIER
Company: Quantum Chemicals Pty Ltd
Address:
70 Quantum Close
Quantum Industrial Park
Dandenong South VIC 3175
Australia
Telephone: 1300 782 688
Emergency Tel: 1300 131 001
Fax: 1300 782 699
HAZARD RATINGS
D-LIMONENE
Chemwatch Material Safety Data Sheet (REVIEW)
Issue Date: 17-Feb-2006 CHEMWATCH 2052-2
A317TC CD 2006/2 Page 2 of 14
Section 1 - CHEMICAL PRODUCT AND COMPANY IDENTIFICATION
Flammability
Toxicity
Body Contact
Reactivity
Chronic
SCALE: Min/Nil=0 Low=1 Moderate=2 High=3 Extreme=4
Section 2 - HAZARDS IDENTIFICATION
STATEMENT OF HAZARDOUS NATURE
HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCE. DANGEROUS GOODS. According to the
Criteria of NOHSC, and the ADG Code.
POISONS SCHEDULE
None
RISK
Explosive when dry.
Contact with combustible material may cause fire.
Flammable.
May form explosive peroxides.
Irritating to skin.
May cause SENSITISATION by skin contact.
Very toxic to aquatic organisms, may cause long-term adverse effects in the
aquatic environment.
HARMFUL-May cause lung damage if swallowed.
Inhalation, skin contact and/or ingestion may produce health damage*.
May produce discomfort of the respiratory system*.
Limited evidence of a carcinogenic effect*.
Vapours potentially cause drowsiness and dizziness*.
* (limited evidence).
SAFETY
Keep away from combustible material.
Do not breathe gas/fumes/vapour/spray.
Use only in well ventilated areas.
Keep container in a well ventilated place.
Keep container tightly closed.
Take off immediately all contaminated clothing.
Section 3 - COMPOSITION / INFORMATION ON INGREDIENTS
NAME CAS RN %
d-limonene 5989-27-5 >95
D-LIMONENE
Chemwatch Material Safety Data Sheet (REVIEW)
Issue Date: 17-Feb-2006 CHEMWATCH 2052-2
A317TC CD 2006/2 Page 3 of 14
Section 4 - FIRST AID MEASURES
SWALLOWED
If spontaneous vomiting appears imminent or occurs, hold patient's head down,
lower than their hips to help avoid possible aspiration of vomitus.
鈥? If swallowed do NOT induce vomiting.
鈥? If vomiting occurs, lean patient forward or place on left side (head-down
position, if possible) to maintain open airway and prevent aspiration.
鈥? Observe the patient carefully.
鈥? Never give liquid to a person showing signs of being sleepy or with reduced
awareness; i.e. becoming unconscious.
鈥? Give water to rinse out mouth, then provide liquid slowly and as much as
casualty can comfortably drink.
鈥? Seek medical advice.
Avoid giving milk or oils.
Avoid giving alcohol.
EYE
If this product comes in contact with the eyes:
鈥? Wash out immediately with fresh running water.
鈥? Ensure complete irrigation of the eye by keeping eyelids apart and away from
eye and moving the eyelids by occasionally lifting the upper and lower lids.
鈥? If pain persists or recurs seek medical attention.
鈥? Removal of contact lenses after an eye injury should only be undertaken by
skilled personnel.
SKIN
If skin contact occurs:
鈥? Immediately remove all contaminated clothing, including footwear
鈥? Flush skin and hair with running water (and soap if available).
鈥? Seek medical attention in event of irritation.
INHALED
鈥? If fumes or combustion products are inhaled remove from contaminated area.
鈥? Lay patient down. Keep warm and rested.
鈥? Prostheses such as false teeth, which may block airway, should be removed,
where possible, prior to initiating first aid procedures.
鈥? Apply artificial respiration if not breathing, preferably with a demand valve
resuscitator, bag-valve mask device, or pocket mask as trained. Perform CPR if
necessary.
鈥? Transport to hospital, or doctor.
NOTES TO PHYSICIAN
Any material aspirated during vomiting may produce lung injury. Therefore emesis
should not be induced mechanically or pharmacologically. Mechanical means should
be used if it is considered necessary to evacuate the stomach contents; these
include gastric lavage after endotracheal intubation. If spontaneous vomiting
has occurred after ingestion, the patient should be monitored for difficult
breathing, as adverse effects of aspiration into the lungs may be delayed up to
48 hours.
For acute or short term repeated exposures to petroleum distillates or related
hydrocarbons:
鈥? Primary threat to life, from pure petroleum distillate ingestion and/or
inhalation, is respiratory failure.
鈥? Patients should be quickly evaluated for signs of respiratory distress (e.g.
cyanosis, tachypnoea, intercostal retraction, obtundation) and given oxygen.
Patients with inadequate tidal volumes or poor arterial blood gases (pO2 50 mm
Hg) should be intubated.
鈥? Arrhythmias complicate some hydrocarbon ingestion and/or inhalation and
electrocardiographic evidence of myocardial injury has been reported;
D-LIMONENE
Chemwatch Material Safety Data Sheet (REVIEW)
Issue Date: 17-Feb-2006 CHEMWATCH 2052-2
A317TC CD 2006/2 Page 4 of 14
Section 4 - FIRST AID MEASURES
intravenous lines and cardiac monitors should be established in obviously
symptomatic patients. The lungs excrete inhaled solvents, so that
hyperventilation improves clearance.
鈥? A chest x-ray should be taken immediately after stabilisation of breathing and
circulation to document aspiration and detect the presence of pneumothorax.
鈥? Epinephrine (adrenalin) is not recommended for treatment of bronchospasm
because of potential myocardial sensitisation to catecholamines. Inhaled
cardioselective bronchodilators (e.g. Alupent, Salbutamol) are the preferred
agents, with aminophylline a second choice.
鈥? Lavage is indicated in patients who require decontamination; ensure use of
cuffed endotracheal tube in adult patients. [Ellenhorn and Barceloux: Medical
Toxicology].
Section 5 - FIRE FIGHTING MEASURES
EXTINGUISHING MEDIA
鈥? Foam.
鈥? Dry chemical powder.
鈥? BCF (where regulations permit).
鈥? Carbon dioxide.
鈥? Water spray or fog - Large fires only.
FIRE FIGHTING
鈥? Alert Fire Brigade and tell them location and nature of hazard.
鈥? May be violently or explosively reactive.
鈥? Wear breathing apparatus plus protective gloves.
鈥? Prevent, by any means available, spillage from entering drains or water
course.
鈥? If safe, switch off electrical equipment until vapour fire hazard removed.
鈥? Use water delivered as a fine spray to control fire and cool adjacent area.
鈥? Avoid spraying water onto liquid pools.
鈥? DO NOT approach containers suspected to be hot.
鈥? Cool fire exposed containers with water spray from a protected location.
鈥? If safe to do so, remove containers from path of fire.
FIRE/EXPLOSION HAZARD
鈥? Liquid and vapour are flammable.
鈥? Moderate fire hazard when exposed to heat or flame.
鈥? Vapour forms an explosive mixture with air.
鈥? Moderate explosion hazard when exposed to heat or flame.
鈥? Vapour may travel a considerable distance to source of ignition.
鈥? Heating may cause expansion or decomposition leading to violent rupture of
containers.
鈥? On combustion, may emit toxic fumes of carbon monoxide (CO).
Combustion products include, carbon dioxide (CO2), other pyrolysis products
typical of burning organic material.
WARNING: Long standing in contact with air and light may result in the formation
of potentially explosive peroxides.
FIRE INCOMPATIBILITY
Avoid contamination with oxidising agents i.e. nitrates, oxidising acids,
chlorine bleaches, pool chlorine etc. as ignition may result.
HAZCHEM
3[Y]
Personal Protective Equipment
Breathing apparatus.
Gas tight chemical resistant suit.
D-LIMONENE
Chemwatch Material Safety Data Sheet (REVIEW)
Issue Date: 17-Feb-2006 CHEMWATCH 2052-2
A317TC CD 2006/2 Page 5 of 14
Section 5 - FIRE FIGHTING MEASURES
Limit exposure duration to 1 BA set30 mins.
Section 6 - ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES
EMERGENCY PROCEDURES
MINOR SPILLS
鈥? Remove all ignition sources.
鈥? Clean up all spills immediately.
鈥? Avoid breathing vapours and contact with skin and eyes.
鈥? Control personal contact by using protective equipment.
鈥? Contain and absorb small quantities with vermiculite or other absorbent
material.
鈥? Wipe up.
鈥? Collect residues in a flammable waste container.
MAJOR SPILLS
鈥? Clear area of personnel and move upwind.
鈥? Alert Fire Brigade and tell them location and nature of hazard.
鈥? May be violently or explosively reactive.
鈥? Wear breathing apparatus plus protective gloves.
鈥? Prevent, by any means available, spillage from entering drains or water
course.
鈥? No smoking, naked lights or ignition sources.
鈥? Increase ventilation.
鈥? Stop leak if safe to do so.
鈥? Water spray or fog may be used to disperse / absorb vapour.
鈥? Contain spill with sand, earth or vermiculite.
鈥? Use only spark-free shovels and explosion proof equipment.
鈥? Collect recoverable product into labelled containers for recycling.
鈥? Absorb remaining product with sand, earth or vermiculite.
鈥? Collect solid residues and seal in labelled drums for disposal.
鈥? Wash area and prevent runoff into drains.
鈥? If contamination of drains or waterways occurs, advise emergency services.
PROTECTIVE ACTIONS FOR SPILL
PROTECTIVE ACTION ZONE
half
evacuation
downwind
direction
distance
down wind distance
wind isolation
distance
direction
half
evacuation downwind
INITIAL direction distance
ISOLATION
ZONE
From IERG (Canada/Australia)
Isolation Distance 15 metres
Downwind Protection Distance 100 metres
IERG Number 15
FOOTNOTES
1 PROTECTIVE ACTION ZONE is defined as the area in which people are at risk
of harmful exposure. This zone assumes that random changes in wind direction
confines the vapour plume to an area within 30 degrees on either side of the
D-LIMONENE
Chemwatch Material Safety Data Sheet (REVIEW)
Issue Date: 17-Feb-2006 CHEMWATCH 2052-2
A317TC CD 2006/2 Page 6 of 14
Section 6 - ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES
predominant wind direction, resulting in a crosswind protective action distance
equal to the downwind protective action distance.
2 PROTECTIVE ACTIONS should be initiated to the extent possible, beginning with
those closest to the spill and working away from the site in the downwind
direction. Within the protective action zone a level of vapour concentration
may exist resulting in nearly all unprotected persons becoming incapacitated
and unable to take protective action and/or incurring serious or irreversible
health effects.
3 INITIAL ISOLATION ZONE is determined as an area, including upwind of the
incident, within which a high probability of localised wind reversal may
expose nearly all persons without appropriate protection to life-threatening
concentrations of the material.
4 SMALL SPILLS involve a leaking package of 200 litres (55 US gallons) or less,
such as a drum (jerrican or box with inner containers). Larger packages leaking
less than 200 litres and compressed gas leaking from a small cylinder are also
considered "small spills".
LARGE SPILLS involve many small leaking packages or a leaking package of
greater than 200 litres, such as a cargo tank, portable tank or a "one-tonne"
compressed gas cylinder.
5 Guide 128 is taken from the US DOT emergency response guide book.
6 IERG information is derived from CANUTEC - Transport Canada.
SAFE STORAGE WITH OTHER CLASSIFIED CHEMICALS
___________________________________________
X X X X X 0
___________________________________________
+: May be stored together
O: May be stored together with specific preventions
X: Must not be stored together
Personal Protective Equipment advice is contained in Section 8 of the MSDS.
Section 7 - HANDLING AND STORAGE
PROCEDURE FOR HANDLING
DO NOT allow clothing wet with material to stay in contact with skin.
鈥? Avoid all personal contact, including inhalation.
鈥? Wear protective clothing when risk of overexposure occurs.
鈥? Use in a well-ventilated area.
鈥? Prevent concentration in hollows and sumps.
鈥? DO NOT enter confined spaces until atmosphere has been checked.
鈥? Avoid smoking, naked lights or ignition sources.
鈥? Avoid generation of static electricity.
鈥? DO NOT use plastic buckets.
鈥? Earth all lines and equipment.
鈥? Use spark-free tools when handling.
鈥? Avoid contact with incompatible materials.
鈥? When handling, DO NOT eat, drink or smoke.
鈥? Keep containers securely sealed when not in use.
鈥? Avoid physical damage to containers.
鈥? Always wash hands with soap and water after handling.
鈥? Work clothes should be laundered separately.
鈥? Use good occupational work practice.
鈥? Observe manufacturer's storing and handling recommendations.
鈥? Atmosphere should be regularly checked against established exposure standards
D-LIMONENE
Chemwatch Material Safety Data Sheet (REVIEW)
Issue Date: 17-Feb-2006 CHEMWATCH 2052-2
A317TC CD 2006/2 Page 7 of 14
Section 7 - HANDLING AND STORAGE
to ensure safe working conditions.
The substance accumulates peroxides which may become hazardous only if it
evaporates or is distilled or otherwise treated to concentrate the peroxides.
The substance may concentrate around the container opening for example.
Purchases of peroxidisable chemicals should be restricted to ensure that the
chemical is used completely before it can become peroxidised.
鈥? A responsible person should maintain an inventory of peroxidisable chemicals
or annotate the general chemical inventory to indicate which chemicals are
subject to peroxidation. An expiration date should be determined. The chemical
should either be treated to remove peroxides or disposed of before this date.
鈥? The person or laboratory receiving the chemical should record a receipt date
on the bottle. The individual opening the container should add an opening date.
鈥? Unopened containers received from the supplier should be safe to store for 18
months.
鈥? Opened containers should not be stored for more than 12 months.
SUITABLE CONTAINER
Packing as supplied by manufacturer. Plastic containers may only be used if
approved for flammable liquid. Check that containers are clearly labelled and
free from leaks.
鈥? For low viscosity materials (i) : Drums and jerry cans must be of the
non-removable head type. (ii) : Where a can is to be used as an inner package,
the can must have a screwed enclosure.
鈥? For materials with a viscosity of at least 2680 cSt. (23 deg. C)
鈥? For manufactured product having a viscosity of at least 250 cSt. (23 deg. C)
鈥? Manufactured product that requires stirring before use and having a viscosity
of at least 20 cSt (25 deg. C)
(i) : Removable head packaging;
(ii) : Cans with friction closures and
(iii) : low pressure tubes and cartridges may be used.
鈥? Where combination packages are used, and the inner packages are of glass,
there must be sufficient inert cushioning material in contact with inner and
outer packages
鈥? In addition, where inner packagings are glass and contain liquids of packing
group I there must be sufficient inert absorbent to absorb any spillage, unless
the outer packaging is a close fitting moulded plastic box and the substances
are not incompatible with the plastic.
STORAGE INCOMPATIBILITY
鈥? The various oxides of nitrogen and peroxyacids may be dangerously reactive in
the presence of alkenes. BRETHERICK L.: Handbook of Reactive Chemical Hazards
鈥? Avoid reaction with strong Lewis or mineral acids.
鈥? Reaction with halogens requires carefully controlled conditions.
鈥? Free radical initiators should be avoided.
The interaction of alkenes and alkynes with nitrogen oxides and oxygen may
produce explosive addition products; these may form at very low temperatures and
explode on heating to higher temperatures (the addition products from
1,3-butadiene and cyclopentadiene form rapidly at -150 C and ignite or explode
on warming to -35 to -15 C). These derivatives ("pseudo- nitrosites") were
formerly used to characterise terpene hydrocarbons. Exposure to air must be kept
to a minimum so as to limit the build-up of peroxides which will concentrate in
bottoms if the product is distilled. The product must not be distilled to
dryness if the peroxide concentration is substantially above 10 ppm (as active
oxygen) since explosive decomposition may occur. Distillate must be immediately
inhibited to prevent peroxide formation. The effectiveness of the antioxidant is
limited once the peroxide levels exceed 10 ppm as active oxygen. Addition of
more inhibitor at this point is generally ineffective. Prior to distillation it
is recommended that the product should be washed with aqueous ferrous ammonium
sulfate to destroy peroxides; the washed product should be immediately
re-inhibited. A range of exothermic decomposition energies for double bonds is
given as 40-90 kJ/mol. The relationship between energy of decomposition and
D-LIMONENE
Chemwatch Material Safety Data Sheet (REVIEW)
Issue Date: 17-Feb-2006 CHEMWATCH 2052-2
A317TC CD 2006/2 Page 8 of 14
Section 7 - HANDLING AND STORAGE
processing hazards has been the subject of discussion; it is suggested that
values of energy released per unit of mass, rather than on a molar basis (J/g)
be used in the assessment. For example, in "open vessel processes" (with
man-hole size openings, in an industrial setting), substances with exothermic
decomposition energies below 500 J/g are unlikely to present a danger, whilst
those in "closed vessel processes" (opening is a safety valve or bursting disk)
present some danger where the decomposition energy exceeds 150 J/g. BRETHERICK:
Handbook of Reactive Chemical Hazards, 4th Edition.
HAZARD: Rags wet / soaked with unsaturated hydrocarbons / drying oils auto
oxidise; may generate heat and in-time smoulder and ignite. Oily cleaning rags
should be collected regularly and immersed in water.
Avoid reaction with oxidising agents.
STORAGE REQUIREMENTS
鈥? Store in original containers in approved flammable liquid storage area.
鈥? DO NOT store in pits, depressions, basements or areas where vapours may be
trapped.
鈥? No smoking, naked lights, heat or ignition sources.
鈥? Keep containers securely sealed.
鈥? Store away from incompatible materials in a cool, dry, well-ventilated area.
鈥? Protect containers against physical damage and check regularly for leaks.
鈥? Observe manufacturer's storing and handling recommendations.
Section 8 - EXPOSURE CONTROLS / PERSONAL PROTECTION
EXPOSURE CONTROLS
The following materials had no OELs on our record under the following CAS or Chemwatch (CW) numbers
d-limonene: No data available for CAS:5989-27-5
No exposure limits set by NOHSC or ACGIH.
CEL TWA: 30 ppm, 165.6 mg/m鲁 (compare WEEL-TWA*)
A Workplace Environmental Exposure Level* has been established by AIHA
(American Industrial Hygiene Association) who have produced the following
rationale:
D-limonene is not acutely toxic. In its pure form it is not a sensitiser
but is irritating to the skin. Although there is clear evidence of
carcinogenicity in male rats, the effect has been attributed to an
alpha-2u-globin (a2u-G) renal toxicity which is both species and gender
specific. Humans do not synthesise a2u-G, and metabolism studies indicate
that 75% to 95% of d-limonene is excreted in 2-3 days with different
metabolites identified between humans and rats. In a 2-year study, liver
effects were noted in male mice at 500 mg/kg and reduced survival was noted
in female rats at 600 mg/kg. The no observable effect levels (NOELs) were
250 and 300 mg/kg, respectively. A WEEL of 30 ppm is recommended to
protect against these effects.
PERSONAL PROTECTION
EYE
鈥? Safety glasses with side shields.
D-LIMONENE
Chemwatch Material Safety Data Sheet (REVIEW)
Issue Date: 17-Feb-2006 CHEMWATCH 2052-2
A317TC CD 2006/2 Page 9 of 14
Section 8 - EXPOSURE CONTROLS / PERSONAL PROTECTION
鈥? Chemical goggles.
鈥? Contact lenses may pose a special hazard; soft contact lenses may absorb and
concentrate irritants. A written policy document, describing the wearing of lens
or restrictions on use, should be created for each workplace or task. This
should include a review of lens absorption and adsorption for the class of
chemicals in use and an account of injury experience. Medical and first-aid
personnel should be trained in their removal and suitable equipment should be
readily available. In the event of chemical exposure, begin eye irrigation
immediately and remove contact lens as soon as practicable. Lens should be
removed at the first signs of eye redness or irritation - lens should be removed
in a clean environment only after workers have washed hands thoroughly. [CDC
NIOSH Current Intelligence Bulletin 59].
HANDS/FEET
Wear chemical protective gloves, eg. PVC.
Wear safety footwear or safety gumboots, eg. Rubber.
NOTE: The material may produce skin sensitisation in predisposed individuals.
Care must be taken, when removing gloves and other protective equipment, to
avoid all possible skin contact.
OTHER
鈥? Overalls.
鈥? PVC Apron.
鈥? PVC protective suit may be required if exposure severe.
鈥? Eyewash unit.
鈥? Ensure there is ready access to a safety shower.
GLOVE SELECTION INDEX
Glove selection is based on a modified presentation of the:
"Forsberg Clothing Performance Index".
The effect(s) of the following substance(s) are taken into account in the
computer-generated selection: d-limonene
Protective Material CPI *.
________________________________
NITRILE A
PVA A
VITON A
________________________________
* CPI - Chemwatch Performance Index
A: Best Selection
B: Satisfactory; may degrade after 4 hours continuous immersion
C: Poor to Dangerous Choice for other than short term immersion
NOTE: As a series of factors will influence the actual performance of the glove,
a final selection must be based on detailed observation. -
* Where the glove is to be used on a short term, casual or infrequent basis,
factors such as "feel" or convenience (e.g. disposability), may dictate a choice
of gloves which might otherwise be unsuitable following long-term or frequent
use. A qualified practitioner should be consulted.
RESPIRATOR
Where the concentration of gas/particulates in the breathing zone, approaches or
exceeds the "Exposure Standard" (or ES), respiratory protection is required.
Degree of protection varies with both face-piece and Class of filter; the nature
of protection varies with Type of filter.
Protection Factor Half-Face Full-Face Powered Air
Respirator Respirator Respirator
10 x ES A-AUS - A-PAPR-AUS
20 x ES - A-AUS -
D-LIMONENE
Chemwatch Material Safety Data Sheet (REVIEW)
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Section 8 - EXPOSURE CONTROLS / PERSONAL PROTECTION
100 x ES - A-2 A-PAPR-2 ^
^ - Full-face.
The local concentration of material, quantity and
conditions of use determine the type of personal
protective equipment required.
For further information consult site specific
CHEMWATCH data (if available), or your
Occupational Health and Safety Advisor.
ENGINEERING CONTROLS
For flammable liquids and flammable gases, local exhaust ventilation or a
process enclosure ventilation system may be required. Ventilation equipment
should be explosion-resistant.
Air contaminants generated in the workplace possess varying "escape" velocities
which, in turn, determine the "capture velocities" of fresh circulating air
required to effectively remove the contaminant.
Type of Contaminant: Air Speed:
solvent " "vapours " degreasing "etc. 0.25-0.5 m/s (50-100 f/min.)
" evaporating from tank (in still
air).
aerosols " fumes from pouring 0.5-1 m/s (100-200 f/min.)
"operations " intermittent container
"filling " low speed conveyer
"transfers " "welding " spray "drift "
plating acid "fumes " pickling
(released at low velocity into zone of
active generation)
direct "spray " spray painting in 1-2.5 m/s (200-500 f/min.)
shallow "booths " drum "filling "
conveyer "loading " crusher "dusts "
gas discharge (active generation into
zone of rapid air motion)
Within each range the appropriate value depends on:
Lower end of the range Upper end of the range
1: Room air currents minimal or 1: Disturbing room air currents
favourable to capture
2: Contaminants of low toxicity or of 2: Contaminants of high toxicity
nuisance value only.
3: Intermittent, low production. 3: High production, heavy use
4: Large hood or large air mass in 4: Small hood-local control only
motion
Simple theory shows that air velocity falls rapidly with distance away from the
opening of a simple extraction pipe. Velocity generally decreases with the
square of distance from the extraction point (in simple cases). Therefore the
air speed at the extraction point should be adjusted, accordingly, after
reference to distance from the contaminating source. The air velocity at the
extraction fan, for example, should be a minimum of 1-2 m/s (200-400 f/min.) for
extraction of solvents generated in a tank 2 meters distant from the extraction
point. Other mechanical considerations, producing performance deficits within
the extraction apparatus, make it essential that theoretical air velocities are
multiplied by factors of 10 or more when extraction systems are installed or
used.
D-LIMONENE
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Section 9 - PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
APPEARANCE
Colourless to very pale yellow flammable liquid; floats on water.
Pleasant lemon-like odour. Mixes with alcohol and ether.
An unsaturated aromatic terpene hydrocarbon which oxidises in air.
Occurs in nature as a component of Lemon, Orange, Bergamot and other oils.
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
Liquid.
Does not mix with water.
Floats on water.
Molecular Weight: 136.23 Boiling Range (掳C): 176
Melting Range (掳C): -98 Specific Gravity (water=1): 0.84
Solubility in water (g/L): Insoluble pH (as supplied): Not applicable
pH (1% solution): Not applicable Vapour Pressure (kPa): 0.13 @ 14 deg.C
Volatile Component (%vol): Not available Evaporation Rate: < 1 BuAc=1
Relative Vapour Density (air=1): 4.66 Flash Point (掳C): 46
Lower Explosive Limit (%): 0.7 @ 150C. Upper Explosive Limit (%): 6.1 @ 150C.
Autoignition Temp (掳C): 237 Decomposition Temp (掳C): Not Available
State: Liquid Viscosity: Not Available
Section 10 - CHEMICAL STABILITY AND REACTIVITY INFORMATION
CONDITIONS CONTRIBUTING TO INSTABILITY
鈥? Presence of incompatible materials.
鈥? Product is considered stable.
鈥? Hazardous polymerisation will not occur.
Section 11 - TOXICOLOGICAL INFORMATION
POTENTIAL HEALTH EFFECTS
ACUTE HEALTH EFFECTS
SWALLOWED
Accidental ingestion of the material may be damaging to the health of the
individual.
Swallowing of the liquid may cause aspiration into the lungs with the risk of
chemical pneumonitis; serious consequences may result. (ICSC13733).
Central nervous system (CNS) depression may include general discomfort, symptoms
of giddiness, headache, dizziness, nausea, anaesthetic effects, slowed reaction
time, slurred speech and may progress to unconsciousness. Serious poisonings may
result in respiratory depression and may be fatal.
d-limonene, if ingested, causes a non-bloody diarrhoea and abnormalities in bone
formation. A strong urge to pass bowel may occur with little or no stools
actually passed. In massive doses death may occur.
EYE
Although the liquid is not thought to be an irritant (as classified by EC
Directives), direct contact with the eye may produce transient discomfort
characterised by tearing or conjunctival redness (as with windburn).
SKIN
Skin contact with the material may damage the health of the individual; systemic
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Section 11 - TOXICOLOGICAL INFORMATION
effects may result following absorption.
This material can cause inflammation of the skin on
contact in some persons.
The material may accentuate any pre-existing dermatitis condition.
Entry into the blood-stream, through, for example, cuts, abrasions or lesions,
may produce systemic injury with harmful effects. Examine the skin prior to the
use of the material and ensure that any external damage is suitably protected.
d-limonene causes moderate irritation to skin including redness and swelling.
Sometimes there are delayed haemorrhagic lesions.
INHALED
Inhalation of vapours or aerosols (mists, fumes), generated by the material
during the course of normal handling, may be damaging to the health of the
individual.
There is some evidence to suggest that the material can cause respiratory
irritation in some persons. The body's response to such irritation can cause
further lung damage.
Inhalation of vapours may cause drowsiness and dizziness. This may be
accompanied by sleepiness, reduced alertness, loss of reflexes, lack of
co-ordination, and vertigo.
Inhalation of high concentrations of gas/vapour causes lung irritation with
coughing and nausea, central nervous depression with headache and dizziness,
slowing of reflexes, fatigue and inco-ordination.
Central nervous system (CNS) depression may include general discomfort, symptoms
of giddiness, headache, dizziness, nausea, anaesthetic effects, slowed reaction
time, slurred speech and may progress to unconsciousness. Serious poisonings may
result in respiratory depression and may be fatal.
CHRONIC HEALTH EFFECTS
There has been some concern that this material can cause cancer or mutations but
there is not enough data to make an assessment. Skin contact with the material
is more likely to cause a sensitisation reaction in some persons compared to the
general population. d-Limonene may cause damage to and growths in the kidney.
These growths can progress to cancer. Information not supplied on manufacturer's
material safety data sheet. Sensitisation may result in allergic dermatitis
responses including rash, itching, hives or swelling of extremities.
TOXICITY AND IRRITATION
TOXICITY IRRITATION
Oral (rat) LD50: 4400 mg/kg Nil Reported
Inhalation (rat) LC50: 90860 mg/m鲁 Skin (rabbit): 500mg/24h Moderate
Dermal (rabbit): >5000 mg/kg
Tumorigenic by RTECS criteria
data for similar material l-limonene
The substance is classified by IARC as Group 3:
NOT classifiable as to its carcinogenicity to humans.
Evidence of carcinogenicity may be inadequate or limited in animal testing.
Section 12 - ECOLOGICAL INFORMATION
Marine Pollutant:Not Determined
Drinking Water Standards:
hydrocarbon total: 10 ug/l (UK max.).
Do NOT allow product to come in contact with surface waters or to intertidal
areas below the mean high water mark. Do not contaminate water when cleaning
equipment or disposing of equipment wash-waters.
Wastes resulting from use of the product must be disposed of on site or at
approved waste sites.
DO NOT discharge into sewer or waterways.
D-LIMONENE
Chemwatch Material Safety Data Sheet (REVIEW)
Issue Date: 17-Feb-2006 CHEMWATCH 2052-2
A317TC CD 2006/2 Page 13 of 14
Section 13 - DISPOSAL CONSIDERATIONS
鈥? Recycle wherever possible.
鈥? Consult manufacturer for recycling options or consult local or regional waste
management authority for disposal if no suitable treatment or disposal facility
can be identified.
鈥? Dispose of by: Burial in a licenced land-fill or Incineration in a licenced
apparatus (after admixture with suitable combustible material)
鈥? Decontaminate empty containers. Observe all label safeguards until containers
are cleaned and destroyed.
If container can not be cleaned sufficiently well to ensure none of the original
product remains or if the container cannot be used to store the same product,
then puncture containers, to prevent re-use, and bury at an authorised landfill.
Section 14 - TRANSPORTATION INFORMATION
Labels Required
flammable liquid
HAZCHEM
3[Y]
Land Transport UNDG:
Dangerous Goods Class: 3 Subrisk: None
UN Number: 2319 Packing Group: III
Shipping Name:TERPENE HYDROCARBONS, N.O.S.
(contains d-limonene)
Air Transport IATA:
ICAO/IATA Class: 3 ICAO/IATA Subrisk: None
UN/ID Number: 2319 Packing Group: III
ERG Code: 3L
Shipping Name: Terpene hydrocarbons, n.o.s.
Maritime Transport IMDG:
IMDG Class: 3 IMDG Subrisk: None
UN Number: 2319 Packing Group: III
EMS Number: None Marine Pollutant: Not
Determined
Shipping Name: TERPENE HYDROCARBONS, N.O.S.
Section 15 - REGULATORY INFORMATION
POISONS SCHEDULE
None
D-LIMONENE
Chemwatch Material Safety Data Sheet (REVIEW)
Issue Date: 17-Feb-2006 CHEMWATCH 2052-2
A317TC CD 2006/2 Page 14 of 14
Section 16 - OTHER INFORMATION
This document is copyright. Apart from any fair dealing for the purposes of
private study, research, review or criticism, as permitted under the Copyright
Act, no part may be reproduced by any process without written permission from
CHEMWATCH. TEL (+61 3) 9572 4700.
Issue Date: 17-Feb-2006
Print Date: 28-Jun-2006
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